INTRODUCTION

Food supply the body with energy, amino acids, vitamins and minerals which are needed for growth, efficiency and maintenance of cells and tissues in the body and the nutrient requirements of the body depends upon the age, gender, size of the body and the activity patterns needed for survival in a given environment. The process of supplying and receiving nourishment from food is called nutrition. Good nutrition is a prerequisite to child growth and critical for socio economic development. Nutrition assessment is thus the system of determining conditions of nutritional health of a person, or a group of persons. Nutrition can be categorized into 2 distinct classes as adequate nutrition and malnutrition.

Adequate nutrition, i.e., balanced dietary intake, is the right proportion of food nutrients needed for growth, energy and maintenance.

Malnutrition is a pathological state resulting from a relative or absolute deficiency or wrong proportion of essential nutrients. One in three preschool children in the developing world is undernourished, thus violating their human rights and are more likely to have impaired immune system, poorer cognitive development, lower productivity as adults and greater susceptibility to diet related chronic diseases (Smith and Haddad, 2000). Children who suffer malnutrition are more likely to have slowed growth, delayed development, difficulty in school and high rates of illness and they may remain malnourished to adulthood (Scrimshaw, 1998; Abidoye and Eze, 2000). Malnutrition constitutes the most serious risk factor in causing ill health and death (Muller and Krawinkel, 2005), its incidence during early childhood has irreversible negative effects on the intelligence, educability, disease resistance and productivity. Pelletier et al. (1995) see malnutrition as a major waste of human energy, causing more than half of all children’s deaths worldwide. Malnutrition has damaging implications for people and communities thus hindering the socio economic and human development of a nation, it remains one of the most critical health issues because of its long lasting negative effects. Forbes (1987) estimated that over 400 million worldwide are undernourished, while WHO (2002) and FAO (2004) estimate that 852 million people are undernourished worldwide with most (815 million) living in developing countries. This confirms the ever increasing figure of people that are undernourished globally.

There are essentially four forms of malnutrition viz:

Undernutrition: The consumption of inadequate quantity of food (energy and protein) over an extended period of time, the severe state of undernutrition is referred to as starvation which implies the almost total elimination of food. The effects of undernutrition include among many others, weight loss and wasting. Indices of undernutrition are:

Specific deficiency: The relative or absolute lack of individual nutrients, example is kwashiorkor which is caused by protein deficiency. This is either caused by non availability or inability to afford such food nutrients due to poverty. A recent study by Okwu et al. (2007) shows that age groups below 20 and 20-24 years have greater risk of protein energy malnutrition.

Imbalance: The resultant disproportionate consumption among essential nutrients with or without the absolute deficiency of any nutrient as determined by the requirements of a balanced diet e.g., excessive consumption of carbohydrates which results in pellagra. This sometimes results when persons have preference over some types of food to the other or may be due to season especially in rural areas where the community shifts to a particular brand of food during harvesting.

Over nutrition: The excessive consumption of food quantity over an extended period of time, which results in caloric excess. Indices of over nutrition are:

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a major tool for measuring malnutrition. While according to United Nations (1992) Report on the World Nutrition situation classification, BMI <18 is considered severely malnourished, 18-20 moderately malnourished, 21-24 normal, 25-27 overweight and above 27 obese; the World Health Organization (WHO) expert on physical growth (1995) gave the following classifications of BMI for:

Underweight in kg/m² as:

Which are considered to be chronically energy deficient (CED)

Overweight in kg/m² as:

A study by Rotimi et al. (1999) shows that mortality rates among CED individuals in Nigeria who are mildly, moderately and severely underweight are 40, 140 and 150% greater, respectively than rates among non CED individuals.

Nutritional status contributes significantly to the attendance, concentration and academic achievements of students in schools. Secondary school students are more susceptible to truancy, gangsterism and other social norms if they don’t find the school environment comfortable especially due to poor nutrition. To overcome this ugly phenomenon, most parents send their children to boarding schools where the schools are solely responsible for their accommodation and feeding with the high expectation of balanced nutrition, moral discipline and qualitative education based on the extremely higher fees paid in comparison to the fees of day students who return to their parents on daily basis. Unfortunately these boarding schools especially the government’s owned have greatly deteriorated and depreciated in quality and service due to poor management, funding and share greed. They now live basically on past glory whereby failure rate of external examinations is on increase. Therefore the purpose of this study is to analyze the nutritional status of one of the oldest and best boarding secondary schools, Queens College of Lagos State, Nigeria.