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Factors Limiting Use of Poultry Manure as Protein
Supplement for Dairy Cattle on Smallholder Farms in Kenya |
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T.P. Lanyasunya ,
Wang H. Rong ,
S.A. Abdulrazak ,
P.K. Kaburu ,
J.O. Makori ,
T.A. Onyango and D.M. Mwangi |
Abstract:
Productivity of ruminant
animals during the dry season, on smallholder farms in Kenya, is constraint
by low availability and poor quality of the feeds (crop residues). The
current study was conducted on smallholder farms in Nakuru, Koibatek
and Trans Nzoia Districts in 2003 over 2-year period preceded by a 6
- week feed survey. The objective of the feed survey was to inventorize
feed resources available on smallholder resource - poor farms and delineate
factors limiting their optimization for enhanced dairy production. Other
farm bio-data including livestock population (ruminants and poultry)
and structure per farm were also collected. This paper confines its
discussion on both qualitative and quantitative information gathered
during the survey with special focus on poultry manure vis a vis litter
and compares the results with reports other research works. During the
survey, composite samples of feed resources being utilized at farm level
(including poultry manure) were collected for dry matter (DM) determination
and proximate analysis at the National Animal Husbandry Research Centre
(NAHRC/Naivasha/Kenya. Results obtained, strongly indicated that, poultry
manure has great potential for use during the dry season as a source
of rumen degradable protein or non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in ruminant
nutrition. Though heterogeneity was observed in the many reports reviewed
and compared with the current study, the general consensus was that
poultry manure/litter contains high level of crude protein (15 to 38%),
fiber (11 - 52%), and rich in minerals (Ca: 0.81 - 6.13%; P: 0.56 -
3.92; K: 0.73 - 5.17), dry matter (61 - 95%). It is because of these
nutrients that poultry manure has been deliberately mixed into ruminant
livestock diets. Its Organic matter digestibility (OMD) ranges from
60 to 65, crude protein (CP) - 69.9, crude fibre (CF) - 29.9 and nitrogen-free
extract (NFE) - 71.4%. Past research studies recorded in vitro
dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and IVOMD of 76.1 and 72.7%, respectively.
Other reports also showed that, beef cattle fed poultry manure based
diets recorded body weight gains ranging from 0.91 to 1.31 kg/d. Dairy
goats supplemented with poultry manure registered 10.15% higher milk
production compared to those on barley based diets (621 and 558 kg,
respectively). Based on the available research information, it is conclude
in this study that poultry manure can be successfully included in ruminant
diets. The constraint, as revealed in the current study is that smallholder
farmers do not own large chicken flock sizes (majority own less 30 birds)
to guarantee sufficient supply of manure for ruminant feeding. It is
this particular factor that is being attributed to the low poultry manure
reported in the current study (regular users - 19%; occasional users
- 17% and none users - 64%). Where available, poultry manure is very
cheap. Since it is cheaply available (not readily) at farm level, poultry
manure offers a cost effective option for meeting dairy cattle protein
requirements. However, some precaution must be taken to minimize nitrogen
loss (which occurs in the form of NH3, N2O and
N2) and accumulation of pathogens (Salmonella and
E. coli).
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How to cite this article:
T.P. Lanyasunya , Wang H. Rong , S.A. Abdulrazak , P.K. Kaburu , J.O. Makori , T.A. Onyango and D.M. Mwangi , 2006. Factors Limiting Use of Poultry Manure as Protein
Supplement for Dairy Cattle on Smallholder Farms in Kenya . International Journal of Poultry Science, 5: 75-80.
DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2006.75.80
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ijps.2006.75.80
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