Research Article
A Study on Comparison of Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries in Sivas on Central Anatolia of Turkey
Department of Fisheries, Susehri Vocational Training School, Cumhuriyet University, Suşehri, 58600, Sivas, Turkey
Fisheries and aquaculture products are globally important sources of much needed, high quality, aquatic animal proteins and invaluable providers of employment, cash income and foreign exchange. Aquaculture and capture fisheries supplied the world with about 148 Mt of fish in 2010 of which about 128 Mt was utilized as food for people and preliminary data for 2011 indicate increased production of 154 Mt, of which 131 mt was destined as food. With sustained growth in fish production and improved distribution channels, world fish food supply has grown dramatically in the last five decades, with an average growth rate of 3.2% per year in the period 1961-2009, outpacing the increase of 1.7% per year in the worlds population (FAO., 2012). Turkey has 8333 km coast having different ecological properties, natural lakes, dams and dam lakes whose numbers increase every day due to geographical location and being a peninsula. Turkey is also endowed with rich inland waters and river systems with significant capture fisheries and aquaculture potential. Aquaculture and capture fisheries have a vital importance in contributing beneficial nutrition for human beings, providing raw material for the industrial sector, creating the employment possibilities and high potential for export. In Turkey, approximately 74% of fishery production is done through capture fisheries. Even though fish culture is rapidly increasing, still stays about 26% (Dagtekin et al., 2011; Anonymous, 2012). Sivas has quite a rich inland water potential in terms of aquaculture and capture fisheries but there is surprisingly little literature on the history, current status and potential of Sivass inland fishery. This study is focused on comparison of aquaculture and capture fisheries productions between 2006 and 2013 in Sivas on Central Anatolia of Turkey.
Fig. 1: | Location of Sivas |
This study is conducted in Sivas (39°31'11"N and 37°17'42''E) in the eastern part of the Central Anatolian region of Turkey. The location of Sivas is shown in Fig. 1. Sivas has a population of 627056 in a total of 17 districts. Average height of Sivas province is 1275 m from sea level. There is not the sea coast of Sivas. On the other hand, Sivas has quite rich inland waters resources with 7 major rivers (Kizilirmak River, Yeşilirmak River, Çalti Stream, Kelkit Stream, Tohma Stream, Yildiz Stream, Hurman Stream), 9 lakes (Tödürge Lake, Hafik Lake, Lota-1 Lake, Lota-2 Lake, Seyfe Lake, Kuru Lake, Karagöl Lake, Ulaş Lake, Gökpinar Lake) and 13 dam lakes (Çamligöze Dam Lake, Gazibey Dam Lake, Gölova Dam Lake, Güneykaya Dam Lake, 4 Eylül Dam Lake, Ýmranli Dam Lake, Kanak Dam Lake, Kiliçkaya Dam Lake, Maksutlu Dam Lake, Mursal Dam Lake, Karacalar Dam Lake, Pusat-Özen Dam Lake, Yapialtin Dam Lake). The total length of 972 km of rivers and tributaries pass within the boundaries of the province of Sivas. Also, nine natural lakes and thirteen dam lakes are present in Sivas and their a total area covered of their is about 2588.5 ha (Dirican et al., 2008; Anonymous, 2011).
This study was performed by using the information about aquaculture and capture fisheries productions between 2006 and 2013 in Sivas from Provincial Directorate of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. The information and inferences provided in this study were derived essentially from comments of literatures on empirical research findings of relevant studies conducted essentially within the Sivas on Central Anatolia of Turkey, on the challenges of sustainable development of her aquaculture and capture fisheries.
Comparison of aquaculture and capture fisheries productions (tons/year) obtained from inland waters in Sivas between 2006 and 2013 are presented in Table 1. Aquaculture in Sivas is mainly related to inland water aquaculture which shows the best expansion prospects. Only the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) culture is done in Sivas. The rainbow trout is economically and most important cultivated fish in Sivas. This species, having a wide aquaculture area in Sivas, has a significant contribution to the national economy with 5544.00 t in 2013. The amount of aquaculture production has increased constantly with except for 2013 in Sivas.
Table 1: | Comparison of aquaculture and capture fisheries productions between 2006 and 2013 in Sivas |
The amount of aquaculture production were determined as tons/year 228.03 in 2006, 368.40 in 2007, 486.58 in 2008, 1071.35 in 2009, 2767.96 in 2010, 5089.50 in 2011, 5577.50 in 2012 and 5544.00 in 2013. The amount of aquaculture production in Sivas ranged from 228.03-5577.50 t. The maximum level of aquaculture production was found to be as 5577.50 in 2012. The amount of aquaculture annual change rate were determined as 61.56% in 2007, 32.08% in 2008, 120.18% in 2009, 158.36% in 2010, 83.87% in 2011, 9.59% in 2012 and -0.60% in 2013. The amount of aquaculture annual change rate ranged from -0.60-58.36% in Sivas. Only the amount of aquaculture production in 2013 with -0.60% showed negative growth. The maximum level of aquaculture annual change rate was found to be as 158.36% in 2010 (Table 1). Sivas production of aquaculture has expanded at an average annual change growth rate of 66.43% between 2006 and 2013.
In Sivas, main species of inland water capture fisheries are barbel, bleak, carp, chub, khramulya, trout and wels. The amount of capture fisheries production shows a fluctuating exchange in Sivas. The amount of capture fisheries production were determined as tons/year 49.07 in 2006, 50.21 in 2007, 32.54 in 2008, 20.96 in 2009, 39.45 in 2010, 38.98 in 2011, 39.70 in 2012 and 51.47 in 2013. The amount of capture fisheries production in Sivas ranged from 20.96-51.47 t. During the same period, Sivas capture fisheries production peaked at 51.47 tons in 2013. The amount of capture fisheries annual change rate were determined as 2.32% in 2007, -35.19% in 2008, -35.59% in 2009, 88.22% in 2010, -1.19% in 2011, 1.85% in 2012 and 29.65% in 2013. The amount of capture fisheries annual change rate in Sivas ranged from -35.59-88.22% between 2006 and 2013. Only the amount of capture fisheries in 2008 with -35.19%, 2009 with -35.59% and in 2011 with -1.19 showed negative growth. The maximum level of capture fisheries annual change rate was found to be as 88.22% in 2010 (Table 1). Sivas production of capture fisheries has expanded at an average annual change growth rate of 7.15% between 2006 and 2013.
Fisheries and aquaculture also differ significantly in their relation to natural ecosystems and their accessibility to the poor. The reliance of fisheries on ecosystems as a basis of production creates a strong congruence with conservation objectives, whilst their dependence on water resources increasingly developed for agricultural, urban and industrial uses means that they are often at the receiving end of environmental degradation. However, fishing can also have a direct environmental impact through removal of target species and the effects on the ecosystem that this causes. In contrast aquaculture technologies tend to reduce reliance on natural ecosystems and have a more indirect though sometimes significant environmental impact (Naylor et al., 1998; Pauly et al., 2002; Smith et al., 2005). The total can be divided into two main groups; aquaculture and capture fisheries in Sivas. Total production is 5595.47 t in 2013 according to the Table 1. Of the total, 99.08% is obtained from the aquaculture production and 0.92% from capture fisheries in Sivas. Sivas production of aquaculture in total has expanded at an average annual change growth rate of 94.79% between 2006 and 2013. Aquaculture in Sivas has developed rapidly in recent years. Aquaculture is based on the intensive aquaculture in dam lakes in Sivas. Aquaculture is the first component of fisheries production in Sivas according to the data. Today both aquaculture and capture fisheries play an increasingly important role in the production of fishery products in Sivas. Aquaculture is a relatively recently established sector in Sivas, showing a rapid first growth in 2009 and second growth in 2011. The aquculture sector can be characterized by mainly one species, rainbow trout in Sivas. According to current official figures, the number of licensed rainbow trout farms in Sivas was determined as 18 in 2006, 27 in 2007, 28 in 2008, 36 in 2009, 43 in 2010, 45 in 2011, 49 in 2012 and 47 in 2013. Sivas aquaculture production peaked at 5577.50 t in 2012. Forty seven rainbow trout farms are present in the Sivas and their total production capacity is about 5544.00 t in 2013. About 80% of this production occurs in the farms in Suþehri district from Çamligöze Dam Lake in cage farms.
Capture fisheries require relatively few resources from those exploiting them, making them often accessible and important in the livelihoods of poor people in inland waters. They are also often more important in terms of the scale and value of their contribution to food security, nutrition and employment than hunting or gathering of other open access or common property resources. In comparison aquaculture requires far more resources, such as land to build a pond, seed fish and feed, making adoption difficult for the poor and landless. Indeed it has been observed that even though aquaculture can offer benefits to poor people who lack other resources and has been promoted widely to such groups, uptake has been predominantly by higher socio-economic strata (Ahmed and Lorica, 2002; Smith et al., 2005). Aquaculture is the fastest growing food producing sector in the world. It is developing, expanding and intensifying in almost all regions of the world (Subasinghe et al., 2009). The latest comprehensive assessment of global inland aquaculture in 2011 estimated the total harvest at 44.3 Mt which accounted for 28.77% of global total world fisheries production (FAO., 2012). Rainbow trout is one of the most important protein sources for human nutrition. Rainbow trout is the most dominant fish species for aquaculture in Turkey. In recent years, Turkey has become one of the top trout producing countries in Europe. Commercial rainbow trout farming started in Turkey in 1971 and it has increased dramatically afterwards. In 1986, 990 tons of rainbow trout was produced in Turkey (Anonymous, 1998; Yildiz et al., 2011). The production level reached 111335 t according to the data in 2012 (Anonymous, 2013). Sivas produces approximately 5.01% of Turkey total rainbow trout culture production in 2012. According to the amount of Sivas rainbow trout pruduction in 2012 ranks sixth in the 81 provinces within of Turkey (Anonymous, 2012).
The latest comprehensive assessment of global inland capture fisheries in 2011 estimated by FAO the total harvest at 11.5 Mt which accounted for 7.47% of global total world fisheries production (FAO., 2012). Capture fisheries activities were determinated artisanal fishing in Sivas. The most important economic income of Sivas is provided by carp and wels so these species are determined the most important species for the economy of the province. Sivass capture fisheries production showed a fluctuating exchange between 2006 and 2013. It is assumed that capture fisheries production reached a fluctuation level of around 21-51 t in Sivas. In 2013, the total fisheries production amounted to 5595.47 t and the contribution from capture fisheries was 51.47 t in Sivas (Table 1). Capture fisheries in inland waters holds an important place for many people in the rural areas. Besides capture fisheries, the catch from the inland waters is important, especially for rural areas in terms of fish supply and employment in Sivas. Fisheries cooperatives have 5 units in Sivas. According to the data of the last 8 years, it consists of 0.71-17.71% of total production in Sivas. Sivas production of capture fisheries in total has expanded at an average annual change growth rate of 5.21% according to the data of the last 8 years. This capture fisheries also seems to reach a stagnant level in Sivas. Capture fisheries production from inland waters is considerably less comparing to the rich inland water potentials in Sivas. Its also resulted that the leading problems are that fisheries areas arent used actively, cooperatives dont work actively and fishermen dont have sufficient technical background and information in Sivas. The freshwater production level of Turkey is 36120 t according to the data in 2012 (Anonymous, 2012). Sivas produces approximately 0.11% of Turkey total freshwater production in 2012.
It is important here to emphasize key considerations relative to development of a management system for the aquaculture and capture fisheries in Sivas on Central Anatolia of Turkey. While aquaculture is emerging as a major supplier and player in market, inland capture fisheries is losing value in Sivas according to the present study. Taking into account the importance of inland fisheries from socio-economic perspective, effective policies, development of rules and regulations, development of fisheries data collection system, management measures, sustainable exploitation, management of capture based fisheries and fishing resources are to be implemented to ensure economic sustainability of this subsector in Sivas. On the other hand, inland aquaculture subsector also has to address challenges such as improvement of aquaculture, aquaculture of endangered species, unregulated single one species supply, species diversification, increasing of processing technologies, ecosystem approach aquaculture management and monitoring of environmental impacts of aquaculture to ensure its sustainability. Consequently, development of inland capture fisheries and aquaculture should be guided by policy, management protocols and institutional arrangements that ensure equitable resource access, protection of inland water ecosystems, biological sustainability and optimisation of economic benefits for both local communities and the national economy. Aquaculture and capture fisheries in Sivas will continue to play an important role in global supply of fish in the future. Therefore, aquaculture and capture fisheries in Sivas should be carefully monitored.