Research Article
Karyotype Analysis on Two Endemic Salvia L. (Lamiaceae) Species in Turkey
Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ahi Evran University, 40100 Kirsehir, Turkey
The genus Salvia L. belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is represented by 88 taxa, of which 43 are endemic in Turkey (Davis, 1982; Dönmez, 2001). The genus Salvia L. is quite well known for its horticultural as well as for some commercial importance (Bhattacharya, 1978). Some of its species are commonly used in local folk medical practices and in cosmetics (Werker et al., 1985).
Studies on the karyotypes of this genus could not carry out enough because its chromosomes size are too small. Many researchers mentioned that the decreasing seeds germination percentage owing to B type chromosome in the Salvia species (Trudel and Morton, 1992).
The aims of this study was to determine the number and morphological properties of chromosomes in Turkish populations of Salvia wiedemannii Boiss. and Salvia tchihatcheffii (Fisch and Mey) Boiss. Both Salvia wiedemannii Boiss. and Salvia tchihatcheffii (Fisch and Mey) Boiss. are endemics and Irano-Turanien element.
Samples were collected from different localities in Turkey. The Specimens kept in the herbarium of Ahi Evran University, Arts and Sciences Faculty, Department of Biology and numbered as Özkan 101 and 103. Samples were collected from the following locations: Salvia tchihatcheffii: B4 Ankara, Polatlı, 1000 m, 28 06 2003. Salvia wiedemannii: Ankara Beypazarı, 950 m, 14 07 2003. Seeds collected from various populations in Turkey were germinated in sterilized petri dishes. Then root tips were pretreated with saturated solution of ∝ monobromonaphtalene (16h) and fixed in a mixture of ethanol and acetic acid for 1 h. Root tips were hydrolyzed with 1 N HCl for 20 min at 60°C in an oven, then stained with feulgen reagent for 1 h in darkness and finally squashed in 45% acetic acid. Slides were examined under a Leica DM LB photomicroscope and photographs were taken, respectively.
The karyograms were drawn from mitotic metaphase. Chromosome measurements were based on five metaphase plates. Karyotype analysis were carried out according to the method described by Levan et al. (1964).
Salvia wiedemannii: The chromosome number of this species was 2n = 14 (Fig. 1). The karyotype of this species consisted of 4 pairs of submedian (sm), 2 pairs of median point (M), 1 pairs of median region (m) (Fig. 3).
The 1st, 2nd, 4th and 7th chromosomes are submedian region (sm), the 3th and 6th chromosomes are median point (M), the 5th, chromosomes are median region (m). No satellite were observed in the karyotype of this species. Chromosomes vary from 1, 57-3.15 μm. The longest arm is 2.10 μm and the shortest arm is 0.52 μm. Karyotype details are shown Table 1.
Salvia tchihatcheffii: The chromosome number of this species was 2n = 18 (Fig. 2). The karyotype of this species consisted of 3 pairs of median point (M), 2 pairs of median region (m), 2 pairs of subterminal (st) region and 2 pairs of submedian region (sm).
Fig. 1: | Ideogram of chromosome complement of S. wiedemannii |
Table 1: | Karyotype details of somatic chromosomes of S. wiedemannii |
Table 2: | Karyotype details of somatic chromosomes of S. tchihatcheffii |
Fig. 2: | Ideogram of chromosome complement of S. tchihatcheffii |
Fig. 3: | Microphotograph of somatic metaphase chromosomes of S. wiedemannii |
2nd, 6th and 9th chromosomes are median point (M), 4th, 8th, chromosomes are median region (m), the 3th and 7th chromosomes are submedian region (sm), the 1st and 5th chromosomes are subterminal region (st). Chromosomes vary from 1.31-2.90 μm. The longest arm is 2.50 μm and the shortest arm is 0.52 μm. No satellite were observed in the karyotype of this species (Fig. 4). Karyotype details, are shown Table 2.
Fig. 4: | Microphotograph of somatic metaphase chromosomes of S. tchihatcheffii |
Studies on the karyotype of this genus are, so limited. Polomino et al. reported that the chromosomes of Salvia lavandula have not been determined so that its chromosomes are too small. Some researcher observed that the Mediterranean group seems to be characterized by x = 7 (Afzal-Rafii, 1976), those in Europe and Russia by x = 11 (Patudin et al., 1974), those in California by x = 16 (Epling et al., 1962). We observed similar results such as Salvia wiedemannii 2n = 14 and Salvia tchihatcheffii 2n = 18.
Estilai and Hashemi (1990) determined that the chromosomes numbers of Salvia species could vary between 2n = 14 and 2n = 64. It shows an agreement with our results.
Nakipolu et al. (1993a, b) observed that Salvia species had B type chromosomes but in our study we could not observe any B type chromosome. Özdemir and Senel (1999) reported that S. sclerea chromosome number was 2n = 22 and the karyotypes of this species were median and submedian. In our study we observed that Salvia wiedemannii 2n = 14 and Salvia tchihatcheffii 2n = 18.
The karyotype of Salvia wiedemannii consisted of 4 pairs of submedian (sm), 2 pairs of median point (M), 1 pairs of median region (m) (Fig. 3). The karyotype of Salvia tchihatcheffii consisted of 3 pairs of median point (M), 2 pairs of median region (m), 2 pairs of subterminal (st) region and 2 pairs of submedian region (sm). 2nd, 6th and 9th chromosomes are median point (M), 4th, 8th, chromosomes are median region (m), the 3th and 7th chromosomes are submedian region (sm), the 1st and 5th chromosomes are subterminal region (st). No satellite were observed Both Salvia wiedemannii and Salvia tchihatcheffii.
In summary the study, showed that chromosome numbers and morphology were examined with details for two Endemic Salvia species in Turkey (Salvia wiedemannii Boiss., Salvia tchihatcheffii (Fisch and Mey) Boiss).