ABSTRACT
Genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients in 150 each S1 and S2 progenies of sunflower derived from random mated sunflower UAF population were studied. The estimates of genetic correlation coefficients were found greater in value than the phenotypic correlation coefficients for all the indicated traits for both S1 and S2 progenies of sunflower. Among S1 progenies of sunflower, seed yield was found positively and significantly correlated with all the traits studied at both phenotypic and genetic levels except with oil content which was positive but non-significant, at genetic level. Oil yield also showed positive and significant correlation with all the traits both at phenotypic and genetic levels but oil content showed positive and significant correlation with days to flowering, days to maturity, internodal length and 100-achene weight at phenotypic level and with days to flowering, days to maturity and 100-achene weight at genetic level. Among S2 progenies of sunflower seed yield also showed almost similar results as of S1 progenies. Among S1 progenies, internal disease score was found positively but non significantly correlated with all the indicated traits at both phenotypic and genetic levels except head diameter which was found negatively correlated at phenotypic and genetic levels. Among S2 progenies, internal disease score showed positive and significant correlation with most of the traits showing that S2 progenies have more resistance to charcoal rot than S, progenies.
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DOI: 10.3923/ajps.2003.844.849
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ajps.2003.844.849
INTRODUCTION
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a native crop of temperate regions of the world. Such crop is cultivated as an oilseed crop. Moreover, seeds are used in confectionery industries, bird feeds, green fodder and silage. It has 40 to 50% oil content. Its oil quality is also hygenically superior than other edible oils (Anonymous, 1994). Sunflower oil is quite palatable, free of all impurities, easy to refine and contains fat soluble vitamins A, B, E and K and good for heart patients (Evertt et al., 1987 and Gossal et al., 1988).
The Major goals in improving sunflower are to increase seed yield and oil content. Some information on the relationships between these two characters and other plant and seed characteristics will be useful to breeders in their breeding programmes. Some useful information has already been obtained by different investigators.
Mogali and Virupakshappa (1994) evaluated 196 accessions of sunflower and found that at the genotypic and phenotypic levels seed yield was positively correlated with number of filled seeds per plant, plant height, stem diameter and head diameter. Narayana and Patel (1998) found that plant height stem width, head diameter, seed number per head and seed weight per head were significantly correlated to seed yield. Singh et al. (1998) estimated for correlation analysis of some morphological and seed yield characters of sunflower. They found that capitulum diameter, 100-seed weight and seed yield per plant had significant and positive association with final seed yield.
Low seed yield of sun-flower crop can be attributed to several abiotic and biotic constraints including damage caused by birds at maturity and number of parasitic and non-parasitic diseases. A survey was conducted by Masirevic et al. (1987) in Sindh, Punjab and N.W.F.P. provinces of Pakistan. Eleven diseases of sunflower were observed. Out of these diseases, charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) was most prevalent. The disease causes root and basal stem rot and premature ripening and drying of stalks (Mirza et al., 1984). The occurrence of this disease also appeared to be related to the extremely hot and dry weather conditions (Songa and Hillocks, 1996).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
During crop season Autumn 1998, UAF sunflower population (a random mated population maintained by the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad) was planted on August 5, 1998 to develop S1 seed.
Table 1: | Formate of the analysis of variance for families with b blocks, r replications, per block and fi families in the ith block |
Sunflower heads of the random selected plants (SO) from the population were covered with cloth bags just before the opening of floral buds and the covered heads were tapped daily in order to enhance self pollination. Sulfate heads at maturity were harvested, threshed and their seed was kept separate.
A portion of the seed obtained (remaining seed was kept to obtain S1 progenies) was sown in the field during Spring season 1999 on February 12, 1999 in separate lines. Random plants from each line of S1 progeny were sulfate by using the same procedure as mentioned earlier.
Later the plants at maturity were threshed and seed obtained were kept separate to obtain S2 progenies.
During the crop season (Spring, 2000) on February 3, 2000, 150 each of S1 and S2 progenies were raised in a modified randomized complete block design with two replications and Five blocks (one block = 30 progenies) in two separate experiments i.e., normal and disease stress. Plant to plant and row to row distances were kept 23 and 75 cm, respectively, with row length of 4 m.
At the time of flowering, from the disease stress experiment, ten plants were randomly selected from each row and inoculated with Macrophomina phaseolina infested tooth picks. The infested tooth picks were inserted into the stalk 45 cm above the soil surface with the help of small sharp pointed screw. Before inoculation, stems were surface sterilized with methylated spirit at the point of inoculation.
The data were collected on days taken to initiation of flowering, days taken to maturity, plant, height, internodal length, stern girth, number of leaves per plant, head diameter, 100-achene weight, number of achenes per head, seed yield (kg ha-1) and internal disease score.
Analysis of variance and covariance was carried out for the above mentioned traits as outlined in Table 1. The estimates of genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients were calculated for a pairs of traits according to the formula given Kwon and Torrie (1964).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data collected for seed yield, its components and charcoal rot disease reaction were statistically analysed. Mean squares from the analysis of variance for indicated plant traits among S1 progenies grown under normal and disease stress conditions (Table 2) revealed significant differences. A similar trend of significant differences among S2 progenies of sunflower (Table 3) was also observed.
The estimates of phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients among S1 progenies of sunflower are given in Table 4. The phenotypic correlations among S1 progenies of sunflower were found positive and significant (P < 0.01) between seed yield (kg ha-1) and all the traits studied. The genotypic correlations for these traits were also found positive and statistically significant except for oil content which was found positive but non-significant. Correlation between seed yield (kg ha-1) and internal disease score was found positive but non-significant both at phenotypic and genotypic levels. These results are in conformity with those of Lakshmaffaiah (1980) who observed positive correlation between seed yield, capitulum diameter, 100-seed weight, plant height, stem girth and seed number per capitulum. Rao (1987) observed positive correlation between achene yield, capitulum diameter, oil content and 100-achene weight. Vanisree et al. (1988) found positive and highly significant correlation between seed yield and the traits head diameter, stem diameter, 100-seed weight, number of leaves per plant and plant height. Similar results have also been reported by Rana et al. (1991), Krizmanic et al. (1992), Mogali and Virupakshappa (1994), Narayana and Patel (1998) and Singh et al. (1998).
The correlations were found positive and significant (P < 0.01) between oil yield (kg ha-1) and all the plant traits studied both at genotypic and phenotypic levels except for the trait internal disease score which was found positive and non-significant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Similar results have also been reported by Krizmanic et al. (1992) and Feoli et al. (1993) who found positive and significant correlation between achene yield and oil yield while oil content less closely correlated with oil yield. Krizmanic et al. (1992) also found significant correlation between plant height and oil yield.
The estimates of phenotypic correlations between days to flowering and oil content were found significant ( P < 0.05) and for head diameter were non-significant. Achene weight was found negatively and non-significantly correlated with days to flowering. Phenotypic correlation between days to flowering and internal disease score was found positive but non-significant. Genotypic correlations for these traits were also, of the similar trend.
The genotypic and phenotypic correlations between days to maturity and all-the traits studied were found positive and significant.
Table 2: | Mean squares from the analysis of variance for various plant traits among 150 S1 progenies of sunflower |
Table 3: | Mean squares from the analysis of variance for various plant traits among 150 S2 progenies of sunflower |
Table 4: | Estimates of phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients among 150 S, progenies of Sunflower |
Table 5: | Estimates of'phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficientsamong 150 S2 progenies ot sunflower |
Correlations between days to maturity and the traits head diameter and internal disease score were found positive and non- significant. Chervet and Vear (1990) found weak correlation between lateness and oil content. Our results are in agreement with the results of Khan et al. (1992) who also found positive phenotypic and genotypic correlations between days to maturity and achene yield.
The correlations between plant height and the traits like oil content and internal disease score were found positive but non-significant. Similar type of results were also observed at genotypic level. Lakshmanaiah (1980) observed positive correlation between plant height and the traits oil content and seed yield.
The genotypic and phenotypic correlations between head diameter and the traits 100-achene weight, number of achenes per head, oil yield ha-1 and seed yield per plant were found positive and significant (P < 0.01). These results are in conformity with Narayana and Patel (1998) and Singh et al. (1998) who also reported similar results.
The phenotypic correlations were found positive and significant (P < 0.01) between oil content and the traits days to maturity, 100-achene weight, oil yield (kg ha-1) and seed yield. The correlation between oil content and internal disease score was found positive but non-significant. Shrinivasa (1982) and Rao ( 987) reported positive correlation between oil content and seed yield.
The estimates of phenotypic correlation coefficients among S2 progenies of sunflower are given in Table 5. The phenotypic correlations among S2 progenies of sunflower between seed Yield (kg ha-1) and all the plant traits were found positive and significant except for the traits days to flowering and oil content which were significant (P < 0.05). These traits also showed positive and significant genotypic correlation. These results are in conformity with those of Lakshmanaiah (1980) that observed positive correlation between seed yield, capitulum diameter, 100-seed weight, plant height, stem girth and seed number per capitulurn. Rao (1987) observed positive correlation between achene yield, capitulum diameter, oil content and 100-achene weight. Vanisree et al. (1988) found positive and highly significant correlation between seed yield and the traits head diameter, stem diameter, 100-seed weight, number of leaves per plant and plant height. Singh and Labana (1990) observed positive correlation between seed yield, days to maturity plant height, head diameter and 100-seed weight. Similar results have been reported by Rana et al. (1991), Krizmanic et al. (1992), MogalI and Virupakshappa (1994), Narayana and Patel (1998) and Singh et al. (1988).
The phenotypic correlations were found positive and significant between oil yield (kg ha-1) and all the traits studied. Genotypic correlations for the same traits were found positive and significant except for days to flowering and number of leaves per plant which were found positive but non-significant. Similar results have also been reported by Krizmanic et al. (1992) and Feoli et al. (1993) who found positive and significant correlation between achene yield and oil yield while oil content less closely correlated with oil yield. Krizmanic et al. (1992) also found significant correlation between plant height and oil yield.
The correlations between days to flowering and the traits day to maturity, plant height, internodal length, stem grith number of leaves per plant, number achenes per head, seed yield and internal disease score were found positive and significant both at genotypic and phenotypic levels.
Phenotypic and genotypic correlations between plant height and all the traits studied were found positive and significant except for oil content which was found significant (P < 0.05). Similar results were also observed by Lakshmanaiah (1980) who observed positive correlation between plant height and the traits oil content and seed yield. The positive and significant correlation between plant height and seed yield were also reported by- Vanisree et al. (1988), Chervet and Vear (1990) and Narayana and Paiel (1998). Khan et al. (1992) and Mogali and Virupakshappa (1994) also found positive correlation at phenotypic and genotypic levels with seed yield.
The correlations between head diameter and all the traits studied were found positive and significant except the traits days to flowering, days to maturity and oil content which, were found positive and non- significant. Same trend of correlation was also observed at genotypic level. These results are in conformity with Alam et al. (1987), Vanisree et al. (1988), Khan et al. (1992), Moghali and Virupakshappa (1994), Narayana and Patel (1998) and Singh et al. (1998) who reported similar results.
The phenotypic correlation between 100-achene weight and all the traits studied were found positive and significant except for the traits days to flowering, number of leaves per plant and internal disease score. The correlation between 100-achene weight and days to flowering was found negative and statistically non- significant. The correlation between 100-achene weight and the traits number of leaves per plant and internal disease score were found positive but statistically non- significant. Same trend of correlation was also observed at genotypic level. Similar results have also been reported by Anand and Chandra (1979) who reported positive correlation between seed weight and head diameter. Lakshmanaiah (1980) found positive correlation between 100-achene weight and seed yield, 100-achene weight and oil content. Rao (1987),Vanisree et al. (1988), Singh and Labana (1990), Khan et al. (1992) and Singh et al. (1998) found significant and positive correlation between 100-achene weight and seed yield.
The phenotypic and genotypic correlations between oil content and the traits plant height, internodal length, 100-achene weight, oil yield (kg ha-1) and seed yield were found positive and significant. The correlation between oil content and internal disease score was found Significant at phenotypic level and non-significant at genotypic level. Shrinivasa (1982) and Rao (1987) reported positive correlation between oil content and seed yield.
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