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Research Article
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Effects of Inclusion Kaolin, Bentonite and Zeolite in Dietary on Chemical Composition of Broiler Chickens Meat
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M. Safaei,
F. Boldaji,
B. Dastar,
S. Hassani,
M.S.A. Mutalib
and
R. Rezaei
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ABSTRACT
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The experiment was conducted to assess the effects of adding silicate minerals
in dietary of broiler chickens on the broiler thigh meat moisture, ash, crude
protein, intramuscular fat and abdominal fat. This study was accomplished in
a completely randomized design with total four hundred forty eight 1 day old
broilers. Chickens were randomly assigned to 7 dietary treatments (control and
15, 30 g kg-1 kaolin, bentonite and zeolite) with four replicates
per treatment and sixteen birds per replicate. Intramuscular fat and abdominal
fat were lower in treatments with 15 g kg-1 bentonite and kaolin
compared with control treatment (p<0.05). The ash content of meat in treatment
containing 30 g kg-1 zeolite was significantly (p<0.05) higher
compared to treatment containing 15 g kg-1 bentonite and control.
Meat moisture and protein content did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between
experimental treatments. It may be concluded that inclusion of kaolin, bentonite
and zeolite as feed additive in broiler diet have positive influence on chemical
composition of meat.
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Received: May 19, 2013;
Accepted: October 28, 2013;
Published: March 11, 2014
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INTRODUCTION
Silicate minerals include about 90% of the minerals that due to their structural
properties some of them can be useful as feed additives such as zeolite, bentonite,
kaolin, sepiolite, perlite, illite and granite in broiler chickens diet. Zeolite,
bentonite and kaolin are the utmost silicates mineral which are used in broiler
chickens diets. Zeolites, bentonite and kaolin are the members of aluminosilicates
which are formed mostly aluminum and silica. Zeolites are a category of crystalline
hydrated aluminosilicates, contain three-dimensional structures with pores and
channels that able to trap molecules of proper dimensions (Mumpton,
1999). Zeolites have special structural properties that can hold exchangeable
cations electrical neutrality inside its structure and exchange own cations
while absorb and desorb water without any structural changes (Tiwari,
2007). Kaolin and bentonite on the other hand, are the members of phillosilicates
(Trckova et al., 2004). Kaolin is constructed
of two layers, one of the aluminum octahedral sheet and the other one tetrahedral
silica sheet. Kaolinite is the main constituent of kaolin that belongs to hydrated
silicates of aluminum. The structure of this group constructed of two sheets
of silica and a sheet of alumin (2:1) with a chemical formula Al2Si2O5(OH)4
(Adamis et al.,2005). Bentonite is a rock constituted
of highly colloidal and plastic clays that attract water quickly. The principle
mineral component of bentonite is montmorillonite that is constructed by devitrification
of volcanic ash. The particular characteristics of bentonite are its capability
to form thixotrophic gels with water, a capability to attract great amounts
of water and a high ion exchange capacity which binds various cations (Walz
et al.,1998; Adamis et al., 2005).
In last century, Japanese researchers noticed that the usage of silicate minerals
in diets of poultry improves their performance. Since then, several studies
have been conducted on the effects of silicate minerals on the poultry production.
Several studies reported that dietary usage of silicate minerals could enhance
performance of broiler chickens (Miles and Henry, 2007;
Rowghani et al., 2007; Safaeikatouli
et al., 2010a). Some previous research have shown that addition
of silicate minerals in broiler chickens diet would improve ileal digestibility
of protein and energy (Kanto et al., 1993; Acosta
et al., 2005; Pasha et al., 2008)
and bone characteristics (Yalcin et al., 1995;
Herzig et al., 2008; Safaeikatouli
et al., 2012a). Some studies (Lon-Wo et al.,
1993; Eser et al., 2012; Ouachem
et al., 2012) have indicated that adding silicate minerals in the
diet of broiler chickens improve carcass yield and decrease abdominal fat.
It is expected that adding silicate minerals in broiler diets, hence have an
effective impact on chemical composition of broiler chickens meat. The purpose
of this experiment was to investigate the effects of inclusion of kaolin, bentonite
and zeolite as feed additive in dietary of broiler chickens on broiler meat
moisture, ash, crude protein, intramuscular fat and abdominal fat.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Birds and housing: A total 448 one day old broiler chickens were procured
from a commercial hatchery. All the chickens were initially weighed and randomly
assigned to 7 dietary treatments with four replicates per treatment and sixteen
birds per replicate. The pens size was 1.5x1.5 m; therefore, each chicken had
about 0.14 m2 spaces. The temperature of the room was maintained
around 32°C at the first week and then gradually reduced by 3°C per
week until it reached 18°C and this temperature was kept until the end of
the feeding period. Relative humidity of the room was around 60-70% and the
light regime was set to provide 24 h continuous lighting. This study was accomplished
in a completely randomized design with forty two days of duration.
Experimental diets: The experimental diets consisted of mostly corn
and soybean meal that was formulated to meet the NRC (1994)
nutrient recommendation for broiler chicken. Two phase feeding program was utilized
that diets of starter phase contained 23% (CP) and 2900 kcal (ME) kg-1
of diet and diets of grower phase contained 20% (CP) and 3000 kcal (ME) kg-1
of diet. The seven treatments were: (1) Diets without silicate minerals (control),
(2) Diet containing 15 g kg-1 kaolin, (3) Diet containing 30 g kg-1
kaolin, (4) Diet containing 15 g kg-1 bentonite, (5) Diet containing
30 g kg-1 bentonite, (6) Diet containing 15 g kg-1 zeolite
and (7) Diet containing 30 g kg-1 zeolite. All experimental diets
were isonitrogenous and isocaloric and chickens were given ad libitum access
to feed and water.
Collection and analysis of samples: At 42 day of age, three randomly
selected birds from each replicate were sacrificed by cutting the carotid arteries
and the left tibias were collected from individual broilers and analyzed for
chemical composition of meat. Moisture content was calculated by weight loss
after 12 h of drying at 105°C in an oven (WTC Binder, Tutlingen, Germany)
according to the following equation:
W1 |
= |
Weight of empty dish |
W2 |
= |
Weight of dish plus sample |
W3 |
= |
Weight of dish plus dried sample |
The nitrogen content of thigh muscles were determined Kjeldahl method (Kjeltec
2300 Autoanalyzer, Foss Tecator AB, Hoganas, Sweden) and crude protein content
was calculated by the following equation (AOAC, 2005):
Protein = Total nitrogen×6.25
Intramuscular fat content was determined according to the AOAC
(2005) Soxhlet method (Soxtec Avanti 2050 Auto System, Foss Tecator AB,
Hoganas, Sweden) by using the following equation:
W1 |
= |
Weight of empty distillation flask |
W2 |
= |
Weight of distillation flask plus sample |
W3 |
= |
Weight of sample |
Ash percentage was determined according to AOAC (2005)
by the following equation:
Statistical analysis: Data collected were submitted to analysis of variance
using the General Linear Models (GLM) procedure of SAS Institute
(2003). Duncans multiple range tests (Duncan, 1955)
was used to rank treatments and differences were considered among means were
at the 5% significant level of probability.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effects of dietary kaolin, bentonite and zeolite supplementation on meat moisture
content are presented in Fig. 1. The meat moisture content
did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between dietary treatments and control.
Nevertheless meat moisture content in all dietary treatments containing silicate
minerals was numerically better in comparison to control diet. It is well known
that moisture content is one of the main determinants of chicken meat quality
and diet is an important factor that influences moisture content of the meat
(Castellini et al.,2002). Prvulovic
et al. (2008) indicated that supplementation of broiler diet with
hydrated aluminosilicate did not significantly affect meat moisture content.
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Fig. 1: |
Effect of dietary kaolin, bentonite and zeolite supplementation
on meat moisture content. Means with different letters on each treatment
are significantly different (p<0.05) |
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Fig. 2: |
Effect of dietary kaolin, bentonite and zeolite supplementation
on meat ash content. Means with different letters on each treatment are
significantly different (p<0.05) |
Figure 2 indicates the effects of dietary kaolin, bentonite
and zeolite supplementation on meat ash content. The ash content of meat in
treatment containing 30 g kg-1 zeolite was significantly (p<0.05)
higher than compared to treatment containing 15 g kg-1 bentonite
and control. These results were similar with finding of Prvulovic
et al. (2008) that showed broilers fed with hydrated aluminosilicate
has an increased in meat ash content. However, Mallek et
al. (2012) reported that the use of zeolite in diet did not significantly
affect on ash content of broiler meat. The divergency among the results of different
studies may be due to use of different kinds and levels of mineral silicates.
Effects of dietary kaolin, bentonite and zeolite supplementation on meat protein
content are shown in Fig. 3. In considering the effect of
silicate mineral on the amount of meat protein, it was observed that the amount
of meat protein in all treatments containing silicate minerals increased compare
to control treatment but this difference was not significant (p>0.05). Pasha
et al. (2008) and Safaeikatouli et al.
(2012b) reported that inclusion of silicate minerals in broiler chickens
diet would improve ileal digestibility of protein.
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Fig. 3: |
Effect of dietary kaolin, bentonite and zeolite supplementation
on meat protein content. Means with different letters on each treatment
are significantly different (p<0.05) |
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Fig. 4: |
Effect of dietary kaolin, bentonite and zeolite supplementation
on meat fat content. Means with different letters on each treatment are
significantly different (p<0.05) |
Some earlier research have shown that supplementation of broiler diet with
silicate minerals significantly (p<0.05) increased blood total protein compared
to control (Bailey et al., 2006; Safaeikatouli
et al., 2010b; Safaeikatouli et al., 2011).
Prvulovic et al. (2008) reported that adding
hydrated aluminosilicate in broiler diet significantly increased protein content
of breast meat but did not affect the protein level of drumstick meat.
Effects of dietary kaolin, bentonite and zeolite supplementation on meat fat
content are given in Fig. 4. The intramuscular fat was lower
in treatments with 15 g kg-1 bentonite and kaolin in compared with
control treatment (p<0.05). These findings tally with the results of Prvulovic
et al. (2008) who reported that adding hydrated aluminosilicate in
broiler diet reduce intramuscular fat. On the other hand, Mallek
et al. (2012) indicated that inclusion of zeolite in broiler diet
were unaffected on intramuscular fat but increase level of polyunsaturated fatty
acids and Omega 3 fatty acid in broiler meat.
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Fig. 5: |
Effect of dietary kaolin, bentonite and zeolite supplementation
on abdominal fat content. Means with different letters on each treatment
are significantly different (p<0.05) |
Figure 5 shows effects of dietary kaolin, bentonite and zeolite
supplementation on abdominal fat content. In diets containing 15 g kg-1
kaolin and bentonite abdominal fat content significantly (p<0.05) decreased
compared to control diet. Christaki et al. (2006)
and Eser et al. (2012) reported that percentage
of abdominal fat was reduced with inclusion of silicate minerals in broiler
chickens diet. Lotfollahian et al. (2004) declared
that using of 2% of zeolite in broiler chicken diet resulted in reduce in abdominal
fat but with increase in zeolite level (4 and 6%) resulted in enhance percentage
of abdominal fat. The abdominal fat and intramuscular fat amounts difference
among low and high concentrations of silicate minerals in the diet maybe due
to their effect on feed intake. Increasing level of silicate minerals in diet
enhance the feed intake, abdominal fat and intramuscular fat. On the other hands,
some previous studies done by Moghadam et al. (2005),
Salari et al. (2006) and Azar
et al. (2011) use silicate minerals in dietary of broiler chickens and
found no differences in percentage of abdominal fat of broilers fed diets contained
silicate minerals and control.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of this experiment, supplementation of broiler chickens
diet with silicate minerals was effective in the decrease of intramuscular fat
and abdominal fat. It may be concluded that inclusion kaolin, bentonite and
zeolite as feed additive in broiler diet have positive influence on chemical
composition of meat and further research into these effects of silicate minerals
on broiler meat quality is recommended.
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