HOME JOURNALS CONTACT

Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

Year: 2014 | Volume: 13 | Issue: 6 | Page No.: 359-365
DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2014.359.365
Evaluation of Proximate, Mineral and Phytochemical Compositions of Carapa procera (Family Meliaceae)
Mombouli Jean Bienvenu, Andzouana Marcel and Attibayeba

Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the medicinal value of C. procera seeds. The seeds of C. procera were collected from the Tsampoko village, district of Gamboma, in northern area of Congo on 14th March 2013. Nuts were dried in an oven at 70°C for 24 h and milled into powder. The powder was used for proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis. The proximate analysis of the seed revealed high moisture (47.92%), fat (23.14%), carbohydrate (17.13%) and energy value (1285.60 Kg/100 g) while the crude protein (8.13%) and the ash (3.68%) were found to be low. The mineral analysis showed that Phosphorus (15.72%) was the most abundant element, followed by iron (2.82%) and potassium (1.23%). Calcium and magnesium were found in low concentrations (0.22 and 0.23%, respectively) while sodium and manganese were detected in trace quantities (0.01-0.02%). The phytochemical screening of crude solvent extracts revealed the presence in methanol of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins, triterpenoids, anthocyanins and phenols. In carbon tetrachloride steroids and tannins were not detected. Anthraquinones were absent in all the screened extracts of both solvents. Quantitative analysis of the seeds showed high alkaloid, flavonoid and phenolic concentrations (5.67±0.18, 5.98±1.38 and 7.46±0.15%, respectively) while saponins and anthocyanins were detected in low quantities (0.92±0.10 and 2.01±0.12%).

Fulltext PDF

How to cite this article
Mombouli Jean Bienvenu, Andzouana Marcel and Attibayeba , 2014. Evaluation of Proximate, Mineral and Phytochemical Compositions of Carapa procera (Family Meliaceae). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 13: 359-365.

Keywords: Proximate, mineral, phytochemical, analysis and carapa procera

REFERENCES

  • Adinortey, M.B., J.K. Sarfo, E.T. Quayson, A. Weremfo, C.A. Adinortey, W. Ekloh and J. Ocran, 2012. Phytochemical screening, proximate and mineral composition of Launaea taraxacifolia leaves. Res. J. Med. Plant, 6: 171-179.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Aguzue, O.C., F.T. Akanji, M.A. Tafida, M.J. Kamal and S.H. Abdulahi, 2012. Comparative chemical constituents of some desert fruits in Northern Nigeria. Arch. Applied Sci. Res., 4: 1061-1064.
    Direct Link    


  • Akca, Y., M. Sutyemezt, M. Ozgen, M. Tuzenziz and D. Mendil, 2005. Determination of chemical properties of walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars grown in Turkey. Asian J. Chem., 17: 548-552.
    Direct Link    


  • Akinyeye, R.O., A. Oluwadunsi and A. Omoyeni, 2010. Proximate, mineral, anti-nutrients, phyto-chemical screening and amino acid compositions ofthe leaves of Pterocarpus mildbraedi harms. Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food Chem., 94: 1322-1333.
    Direct Link    


  • Al-Bayati, F.A. and K.D. Sulaiman, 2008. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica L. extracts against some isolated oral pathogens in Iraq. Turk. J. Biol., 32: 57-62.
    Direct Link    


  • Ambrozin, A.R., A.C. Leite, F.C. Bueno, P.C. Vieira and J.B. Fernandes et al., 2006. Limonoids from andiroba oil and Cedrela fissilis and their insecticidal activity. J. Brazilian Chem. Soc., 17: 542-547.
    CrossRef    


  • Alli Smith, Y.R., 2009. Determination of the chemical composition of Senna-siamea (cassia leaves). Pak. J. Nutr., 8: 119-121.
    Direct Link    


  • Andzouana, M. and J.B. Mombouli, 2012. Proximate, mineral and phytochemical analysis of the leaves of H. myriantha and Urera trinervis. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 15: 536-541.
    Direct Link    


  • Andzouana, M. and J.B. Mombouli, 2012. Assessment of the chemical and phytochemical constituents of the leaves of a wild vegetable-Ochthocharis dicellandroides (Gilg). Pak. J. Nutr., 11: 94-99.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Asante, F.A., 1993. The chemistry of three indigenous seeds and their extraction, nutritional and industrial potentials of their oils. M.Phil Thesis, Department of Biochemistry, KNUST, Kumasi.


  • AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC., USA., pp: 200-210
    Direct Link    


  • Appiah, F., I. Oduro, W.O. Ellis, 2011. Proximate and mineral composition of Artocarpus altilis pulp flour as affected by fermentation. Pak. J. Nutr., 10: 653-657.
    CrossRef    


  • Ayeni, K.E. and S.A.Yahaya, 2010. Phytochemical screening of three medicinal plants neem leaf (Azadirachta indica), hibiscus leaf (Hibiscus rosasinensis) and spear grass leaf (Imperata cylindrical). Cont. J. Pharm. Sci., 4: 47-50.
    Direct Link    


  • Aye, P.A., 2012. Effect of processing on the nutritive characteristics, anti-nutritional factors and functional properties of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius leaves (Lyana ipaja). Am. J. Food Nutr., 2: 89-95.
    Direct Link    


  • Balogun, I.O. and O.P. Olatidoye, 2012. Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of velvet bean seeds (Mucuna utilis) for domestic consumption and industrial utilization in Nigeria. Pak. J. Nutr., 11: 116-122.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Basile, A., L. Ferrara, M.D. Pezzo, G. Mele, S. Sorbo, P. Bassi and D. Montesano, 2005. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract from Paullinia cupana Mart. J. Ethnopharmacol., 102: 32-36.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Bohm, B.A. and M.R. Koupai-Abyazani, 1994. Flavonoids and condensed tannins from leaves of Hawaiian Vaccinium reticulatum and V. calycinum (Ericaceae). Pac. Sci., 48: 458-463.
    Direct Link    


  • Brody, T., 1994. Nutritional Biochemistry. Academic Press, San Diego, CA., ISBN: 9780121342517, Pages: 658


  • Burkhil, H.M., 1985. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. White Friars Press Ltd., Great Britain


  • Cohen-Boulakia, F., P.E. Valensi, H. Boulahdour, R. Lestrade, J.F. Dufour-Lamartinie, C. Hort-Legrand and A. Behar, 2000. In vivo sequential study of skeletal muscle capillary permeability in diabetic rats: Effect of anthocyanosides. Metabolism, 49: 880-885.


  • Dewole, E.A., D.F.A. Dewumi, J.Y.T. Alabi and A. Adegoke, 2013. Proximate and phytochemical of Cola nitida and Cola acuminata. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 1616: 1593-1596.
    Direct Link    


  • Edeoga, H.O. and D.O. Eriata, 2001. Alkaloid, tannin and saponin contents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. J. Med. Aromat. Plant Sci., 23: 344-349.


  • Egharevba, H.O. and O.F. Kunle, 2010. Preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis of the leaves of Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redhead. Ethnobot. Leafl., 14: 570-577.
    Direct Link    


  • Egwim, E.C., R.C. Elem and R.U. Egwuche, 2011. Proximate composition, phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of ten selected wild edible Nigerian mushrooms. Ann. Rev. Ecol., 1: 89-94.
    Direct Link    


  • Ekpo, I.A., R.B. Agbor, A.N. Osuagwu, B.E. Ekanem, E.C. Okpako and I.S. Urua, 2012. Phytochemical and comparative studies of the stem bark and root of Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal.) A. Rich. World J. Biol. Res., 5: 41-44.
    Direct Link    


  • Emebu, P.K. and J.U. Anyika, 2011. Proximate and mineral composition of kale (Brassica oleracea) grown in Delta State, Nigeria. Pak. J. Nutr., 10: 190-194.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Enechi, O.C. and I. Odonwodo, 2003. An assessment of the phytochemical and nutrient composition of the pulverized root of Cissus quadrangularis. Bio-Research, 1: 63-68.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Fasuyi, A.O., 2006. Nutritional potentials of some tropical vegetable leaf meals: Chemical characterization and functional properties. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 5: 49-53.
    Direct Link    


  • Ferraris, F.K., R. Rodrigues, V.P. da Silva, R. Figueiredo, C. Penido and M.D.G.M. Henriques, 2011. Modulation of T lymphocyte and eosinophil functions in vitro by natural tetranortriterpenoids isolated from Carapa guianensis Aublet. Int. Immunopharmacol., 11: 1-11.
    CrossRef    


  • Fleury, M., 2008. [Forest products and medicinal plants in French Guyana]. Biofutur, 290: 37-39, (In French).


  • Harborne, J.B., 1973. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 1st Edn., Chapman and Hall, London, UK., ISBN: 978-94-009-5921-7, Pages: 278
    Direct Link    


  • Harborne, J.B., 1994. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 2nd Edn., Chapman and Hall, London, UK., Pages: 425


  • Harborne, J.B., 1998. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3rd Edn., Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, ISBN-13: 9780412572708, Pages: 302
    Direct Link    


  • Iheanacho, K.M.E. and A.C. Udebuani, 2009. Nutritional composition of some leafy vegetables consumed in Imo State, Nigeria. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage., 13: 35-38.
    Direct Link    


  • Ilelaboye, N.O.A. and O.O. Pikuda, 2009. Determination of minerals and anti-nutritional factors of some lesser-known crop seeds. Pak. J. Nutr., 8: 1652-1656.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Iniaghe, O.M., S.O. Malomo and J.O. Adebayo, 2009. Proximate composition and phytochemical constituents of leaves of some Acalypha species. Pak. J. Nutr., 8: 256-258.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Hussain, I., R. Ullah, M. Khurram, N. Ullah and A. Baseer et al., 2011. Phytochemical analysis of selected medicinal plants. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 10: 7487-7492.
    Direct Link    


  • Kathirvel, P., 2012. A study on the proximate and mineral composition of Crotalaria semperflorens vent. Int. J. Applied Biol. Pharmaceut. Technol., 3: 64-66.
    Direct Link    


  • Karade, S.R., M.R. Deshmukh, S.M. Shah and N.R. Deshpande, 2004. Mineral elements of seeds, aerial parts of plants and aerial parts of plants and kernel in Sterculia guttata (Kokrus). Asian J. Chem., 16: 1475-1478.


  • Kilgour, O.F.G., 1987. Mastering Nutrition. Macmillan Education Ltd., London, Pages: 321


  • Kokate, C.K., 2001. Pharmacognosy. 16th Edn., Nirali Prakashan, Mumbai, India


  • Krishnaiah, D., T. Devi, A. Bono and R. Sarbatly, 2009. Studies on phytochemical constituents of six Malaysian medicinal plants. J. Med. Plants Res., 3: 67-72.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Lavedrinea, F., A. Ravela, A. Villet, V. Ducros and J. Alary, 2000. Mineral composition of two walnut cultivars originating in France and California. Food Chem., 68: 347-351.
    CrossRef    


  • Luft, F.C., 1990. Sodium, Chloride and Potassium. In: Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Brown, M.L. (Ed.). 6th Edn., Chapter 26, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, DC., USA., pp: 233-240


  • Martin-Prevel, P., J. Gagnard and P. Gautier, 1984. [The Plant Analysis in the Power Control of Temperate and Tropical Plants]. Technique et Documentation, Paris, Pages: 832, (In French)


  • Mayer, M.L. and L. Vyklicky, 1989. The action of zinc on synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability in cultures of mouse hippocampus. J. Physiol., 415: 351-365.
    Direct Link    


  • Minzangi, K., A.N. Kaaya, F. Kansiime, J.R.S. Tabuti and B. Samvura, 2011. Oil content and physicochemical characteristics of some wild oilseed plants from Kivu region Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 10: 189-195.


  • Obadoni, B.O. and P.O. Ochuko, 2002. Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the crude extracts of some haemostatic plants in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. Global J. Pure Appl. Sci., 8: 203-208.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Olaleye, M.T., 2007. Cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa. J. Med. Plant Res., 1: 9-13.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Onyeka, E.U. and I.O. Nwambekwe, 2007. Phytochemical profile of some green leafy vegetables in South East, Nigeria. Niger. Food J., 25: 67-76.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Sampaio, P.D.T.B., 1993. Andiroba. In: Selected Species and Strategies to Enhance Income Generation from Amazonian Forests, Clay, J.W. and C.R. Clement (Eds.). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy


  • Sathya, V., R. Bharathidasan, S.T. Selvi, N.S. Rebeccal, R. Ilakkiya and M. Prabakaran, 2013. Quantitative, qualitative phytochemical analysis and in vitro antibacterial activity of Bauhinia tomentosa L. J. Nat. Prod. Plant Resour., 3: 31-36.
    Direct Link    


  • SCSG, 2007. Calcium to phosphorus ratios in food. GliderVet No. 60, SunCoast Sugar Gliders, Viva La Glider. http://www.sugar-gliders.com/glidervet-60.htm


  • Siddhuraju, P., K. Becker and H.P.S. Makkar, 2002. Chemical composition, protein fractionation, essential amino acid potential and antimetabolic constituents of an unconventional legume, Gila bean (Entada phaseoloides Merrill) seed kernel. J. Sci. Food Agric., 82: 192-202.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Sofowora, A., 1993. Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. 2nd Edn., Spectrum Books, Ibadan, Nigeria, ISBN-13: 9789782462190, Pages: 289
    Direct Link    


  • Stauth, D., 2007. Studies force new view on biology of flavonoids. Oregon State University, USA.


  • Suda, I., T. Oki, M. Masuda, M. Kobayashi, Y. Nishiba and S. Furuta, 2003. Physiological functionality of purple-fleshed sweet potatoes containing anthocyanins and their utilization in foods. Jap. Agric. Res. Q., 37: 167-173.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Shah, S.M.M., F.A. Khan, S.M.H. Shah, K.A. Chishti, S.M.S.S. Pirzada, M.A. Khan and A. Farid, 2011. Evaluation of phytochemicals and antimicrobial activity of white and blue capitulum and whole plant of Silybum marianum. World Applied Sci. J., 12: 1139-1144.


  • Emmanuel, T.V., J.T. Njoka, L.W. Catherine and H.V.M. Lyaruu, 2011. Nutritive and anti-nutritive qualities of mostly preferred edible woody plants in selected drylands of Iringa district, Tanzania. Pak. J. Nutr., 10: 786-791.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Trease, G.E. and W.C. Evans, 1989. A Textbook of Pharmacognosy. 12th Edn., Bailliere Tindall, London, UK., pp: 388, 480, 502, 535, 546


  • Truong, V.D., N. Deighton, R.T. Thompson, R.F. McFeeters, L.O. Dean, K.V. Pecota and G.C. Yencho, 2009. Characterization of anthocyanins and anthocyanidins in purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS/MS. J. Agric. Food Chem., 58: 404-410.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Ujowundu, C.O., O.E. Okafor, N.C. Agha, L.A. Nwaogu, K.O. Igwe and C.U. Igwe, 2010. Phytochemical and chemical composition of Combretum zenkeri leaves. J. Med. Plants Res., 40: 965-968.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Vaughan, J.G. and P.A. Judd, 2003. The Oxford Book of Health Foods: A Comprehensive Guide to Natural Remedies. 1st Edn., Oxford University Press, New York, USA., pp: 17


  • Wardlaw, G.M., 1999. Perspective in Nutrition. 4th Edn., Mcgraw-Hill, New York, USA., pp: 527-529


  • Wu, D.M., J. Lu, Y.L. Zheng, Z. Zhou, Q. Shan and D.F. Ma, 2008. Purple sweet potato color repairs d-galactose-induced spatial learning and memory impairment by regulating the expression of synaptic proteins. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 90: 19-27.
    CrossRef    PubMed    


  • Yameogo, C.W., M.D. Bengaly, A. Savadogo, P.A. Nikiema and S.A. Traore, 2011. Determination of chemical composition and nutritional values of Moringa oleifera leaves. Pak. J. Nutr., 10: 264-268.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Yisa, J., J.N. Egila and A.O. Darlinton, 2010. Chemical composition of Annona senegalensis from Nupe land, Nigeria. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 9: 4106-4109.


  • Ullah, Z., M.K. Baloch, J.A. Khader, I.B. Baloch, R. Ullah, N.M. AbdEIslam and S. Noor, 2013. Proximate and nutrient analysis of selected medicinal plants of Tank and South Waziristan area of Pakistan. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 7: 179-184.
    CrossRef    

  • © Science Alert. All Rights Reserved