Abstract: This study aimed to detect the allelic frequency and identification of the genetic variants of α S1-casein gene in Egyptian goat using PCR-RFLP method. Forty-four animals used for detecting the presence of 10 polymorphisms of goat α S1-casein. The PCR products were digested by restriction enzyme XmnI and resolved using gel electrophoresis. Present results showed that Egyptian goat breeds carry low percentage of homozygous strong alleles A (4.5%) and B (6.8%) of milk casein used for cheese industry. The mild allele D recorded very low percentage 2.3%. This allele associated with medium level of milk protein favorable for allergic nutritional purposes. In conclusion, the allele frequencies and identification for animals α S1-casein are important for identifying animals carrying strong and mild alleles needed for improving a given trait depend on the frequency of favorable allele. The more will gained by selecting for strong and mild alleles of α S1-casein. So that, the breeding strategies should be changed toward milk protein alleles required for economic milk industry.