Latifah M. AL-Oboudi
Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Princess Nora Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 10932, Riyadh, 11443, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to examine the effect of breakfast eating pattern (between breakfast consumers and non consumers), on nutritional status (body mass index), glucose level, iron status and test grades (school performance) among Saudi school children (girls). A total of 120 female students aged 9-13.9 years from Riyadh city, Saudi Arabia Participated in this cross-sectional study. A pre-designed questioner was used to collect information on their breakfast eating habits. Body weight and height of the girls were measured and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Tests for blood Glucose (GLU), Hemoglobin (HG), Hematocrit (HT), Serum Iron (SI), serum ferritin were performed and Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) was calculated. School marks of the previous semester were also collected (used). The results shows that 23.33% of girls ate breakfast only once a week or less often, whereas (40.83%) of the girls ate breakfast daily. Skipping breakfast increased with age. Breakfast skipping was significantly noticed among over weight-obese students compared to lean students, the mean level of HB, HCT, SI, TIBC and ferritin of the girls who ate breakfast regularly was the highest with no significant difference. Regular habit of eating breakfast had beneficial impact on nutritional status.
PDF References
How to cite this article
Latifah M. AL-Oboudi, 2010. Impact of Breakfast Eating Pattern on Nutritional Status, Glucose Level, Iron Status in Blood and Test Grades among Upper Primary School Girls in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 9: 106-111.
DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2010.106.111
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2010.106.111
DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2010.106.111
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=pjn.2010.106.111
REFERENCES
- Abalkhail, B. and S. Shawky, 2002. Prevalence of daily breakfast intake, iron deficiency anaemia and awareness of being anaemic among Saudi school students. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 53: 519-528.
Direct Link - Hassan, A.S. and N.S. Al-Dosari, 2008. Breakfast habits and snack consumed at school among Qatari schoolchildren aged 9-10 years. Nutr. Food Sci., 38: 264-270.
CrossRef - Albertson, A.M., D.L. Franko, D. Thompson, A.L. Eldridge and N. Holschuh et al., 2007. Longitudinal patterns of breakfast eating in Black and White adolescent girls. Obesity, 15: 2282-2292.
PubMed - Al-Othaimeen, A., A.K. Osman and S. Al-Orf, 1999. Prevalence of nutritional anemia among primary school girls in Riyadh city Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 50: 237-243.
CrossRef - Al-Saeed, W.Y., K.M. Al-Dawood, I.A. Bukhari and A. Bahnassy, 2006. Prevalence and socioeconomic risk factors of obesity among urban female students in Al-Khobar city, Eastern Saudi Arabia, 2003. Obesity Rev., 8: 93-99.
Direct Link - Amin, T.T., A.I. Al-Sultan and A. Ali, 2008. Overweight and obesity and their relation to dietary habits and socio-demographic characteristics among male primary school children in Al-Hassa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Eur. J. Nutr., 47: 310-318.
Direct Link - Rashidi, A., B. Mohammadpour-Ahranjani, M. Karandish, M.R. Vafa and M. Hajifaraji et al., 2007. Obese and female adolescents skip breakfast more than their non-obese and male peers. Central Eur. J. Med., 2: 481-487.
CrossRefDirect Link - Radcllffe, B.C., C. Ogden, T. Coyne and P. Craig, 2004. Breakfast consumption patterns of upper primary school students in 14 Queensland schools. Nutr. Diet, 61: 151-158.
Direct Link - Santiago, C. and C. Marjorie, 2008. Educational impact of a school breakfast programme in rural Peru. Int. J. Educ. Dev., 28: 132-148.
CrossRef - Fabritius, K. and M. Rasmussen, 2008. Breakfast habits and overweight in Danish schoolchildren. The role of socioeconomic positions. Ugeskr. Laeger., 170: 2559-2563.
Direct Link - Friedman, B.J. and S.L. Hurd-Crixell, 1999. Nutrient intake of children eating school breakfast. J. Am. Diet Assoc., 99: 219-221.
Direct Link - Gajre, N.S., S. Fernandez, N. Balkrishna and S. Vazir, 2008. Breakfast eating habit and its influence on attention-concentration, immediate memory and school achievement. Indian Pediatr., 45: 824-828.
Direct Link - Sanchez, H.P., J.D. Alonso, P.L. Sevillano, M.D.E. Gonzalez and M.I. Valle et al., 2008. Prevalence of obesity and overweight in adolescents from Canary Islands, Spain. relationship with breakfast and physical activity. Med. Clin., 130: 606-610.
Direct Link - Kleinmana, R.E., S. Hallb, H. Greenc, D. Korzec-Ramirezd and K. Pattonb, 2002. Diet, breakfast and academic performance in children. Ann. Nutr. Metab., 46: 24-30.
Direct Link - Dye, L., A. Lluch and J.E. Blundell, 2000. Macronutrients and mental performance. Nutrition, 16: 1021-1034.
CrossRefDirect Link - Lopez-Sobaler, A.M., R.M. Ortega, M.E. Quintas, B. Navia and A.M. Requejo, 2003. Relationship between habitual breakfast and intellectual performance (logical reasoning) in well-nourished schoolchildren of Madrid (Spain). Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 57: 49-53.
Direct Link - Mahoney, C.R., H.A. Taylor, R.B. Kanarek and P. Samuel, 2005. Effect of breakfast composition on cognitive processes in elementary school children. Physiol. Behav., 85: 635-645.
PubMed - Mikkila, V., L. Rasanen, O.T. Raitakari, P. Pietinen and J. Viikari, 2004. Longitudinal changes in diet from childhood into adulthood with respect to risk of cardiovascular diseases: The cardiovascular risk in young Finns study. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 58: 1038-1045.
Direct Link - Farghaly, N.F., M.B. Ghazali, M.H. Al-Wabel, A.A. Sadek and I.F. Abbag, 2007. Life style and nutrition and their impact on health of Saudi school students in Abha, Southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med. J., 28: 415-421.
PubMedDirect Link - Wilson, N.C., W.R. Parnell, M. Wohlers and P.M. Shirley, 2006. Eating breakfast and its impact on childrens daily diet. Nutr. Diet., 63: 15-20.
Direct Link - Pearson, N., S.J. Biddle and T. Gorely, 2009. Family correlates of breakfast consumption among children and adolescents. Appetite, 52: 1-7.
PubMedDirect Link - Wiliams, P., 2007. Breakfast and the diets of Australian children and adolescents: An analysis of data from the 1995 national nutrition survey. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 58: 201-216.
CrossRef - Rampersaud, G.C., M.A. Pereira, B.L. Girard, J. Adams and J.D. Metzl, 2005. Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight and academic performance in children and adolescents. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 105: 743-760.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Ruxton, C.H. and T.R. Kirk, 1997. Breakfast: A review of associations with measures of dietary intake, physiology and biochemistry. Br. J. Nutr., 18: 197-213.
Direct Link - Cheng, T.S.Y., A.H.L. Tse, Y.U.G. Tak-sun and S. Griffiths, 2008. Childrens perceptions of parental attitude affecting breakfast skipping in primary sixth-grade students. J. School Health, 78: 203-208.
Direct Link - Nicklas, T.A., W. Bao, L.S. Webber and G.S. Berenson, 1993. Breakfast consumption affects adequacy of total daily intake in children. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 93: 886-891.
Direct Link - Chitra, U. and C.R. Reddy, 2007. The role of breakfast in nutrient intake of urban school children. Pub. Health Nutr., 10: 55-58.
Direct Link - Williams, H. and H. Conrad, 1966. A one tube method for measuring serum iron concentration and unsaturated iron binding capacity. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 67: 171-176.
Direct Link - Wiliams, P., 2007. Breakfast and the diets of Australian children and adolescents: An analysis of data from the 1995 national nutrition survey. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr., 58: 201-216.
CrossRef