N.A. Selim
Animal Production Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza-12618, Egypt
Sh.A. Nada
Regional Center for Food and Feed, ARC, Egypt
A.F. Abdel-Salam
Regional Center for Food and Feed, ARC, Egypt
S.F. Youssef
Animal Production Research Institute, ARC, Dokki, Giza-12618, Egypt
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of aqueous extract of ginger root (GAE), aqueous extract of beetroot (BAE) and tomato puree (TP) as natural antioxidant sources in broiler diets during summer season. Three hundred twenty 1-d-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks (mixed sex) were randomly allocated into 32 wire cages that were then randomly divided into 8 groups (treatments, 4 cages per treatment). Chicks fed on corn-soybean meal basal diet (Con, contained 50 IU of Vit. E/Kg) supplemented with either 50 IU /Kg vitamin E (E-100) or one of the additives (GAE, BAE and TP) at levels of 0.5 or 1.0% from 1 to 40 d of age. The total phenols contents (as Gallic acid equivalent) of GAE and BAE were 44 and 31 μg/L, respectively and lycopene content in TP was 155 mg/Kg. At 40 d of age, 32 birds (4 birds/treatment) were slaughtered and carcass characteristics were recorded. Refrigerated (up to 4 days at 4°C) and frozen (60 days at -20°C) meat samples were examined for total phenols content, antioxidant activity (through two scavenging assays: DPPH and TBARS) and microbiological status. The obtained results showed that neither antioxidant source nor level affected on dressing %, thickness of breast meat, triglycerides and cholesterol compounds of chilled breast meat. On the other side, source of antioxidant have affected strongly on oxidative stability especially after freezing for 60 d. Among examined sources, using BAE was less efficient in reducing oxidation rate than both GAE and TP. The microbiological examination showed strong effect of both tested sources and levels of natural antioxidant additives on decreasing count of total bacteria and Staph. aureas in refrigerated and frozen broiler meat. Using BAE failed to decrease count of Staph. aureas in frozen meat as GAE and TP. According to results of DPPH and TBARS assays and microbiological examination, adding GAE or TP to broiler diets could protect meat safe and healthy even with prolonged storage by freezing to 60d.
PDF References Citation
How to cite this article
N.A. Selim, Sh.A. Nada, A.F. Abdel-Salam and S.F. Youssef, 2013. Evaluation of Some Natural Antioxidant Sources in Broiler Diets: 2-Effect on Chemical and Microbiological Quality of Chilled and Frozen Broiler Meat. International Journal of Poultry Science, 12: 572-581.
DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2013.572.581
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ijps.2013.572.581
DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2013.572.581
URL: https://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=ijps.2013.572.581
REFERENCES
- Abushita, A.A., E.A. Hebshi, H.G. Daood and P.A. Biacs, 1997. Determination of antioxidant vitamins in tomatoes. Food Chem., 60: 207-212.
CrossRefDirect Link - Agarwal, M., S. Walia, S. Dhingra and B.P. Khambay, 2001. Insect growth inhibition, antifeedant and antifungal activity of compounds isolated/derived from Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) rhizomes. Pest Manage. Sci., 57: 289-300.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Ahn, J., I.U. Grun and L.N. Fernando, 2002. Antioxidant properties of natural plant extracts containing polyphenolic compounds in cooked ground beef. J. Food Sci., 67: 1364-1369.
CrossRefDirect Link - Ahn, D.U., D.G. Olson, C. Jo, J. Love and S.K. Jin, 1999. Volatiles production and lipid oxidation in irradiated cooked sausage as related to packaging and storage. J. Food Sci., 64: 226-229.
CrossRefDirect Link - Akbarian, A., A. Golian, A.S. Ahmadi and H. Moravej, 2011. Effects of ginger root (Zingiber officinale) on egg yolk cholesterol, antioxidant status and performance of laying hens. J. Applied Anim. Sci., 39: 19-21.
CrossRefDirect Link - Assi, J.A. and A.J. King, 2008. Manganese amendment and Pleurotus ostreatus treatment to convert tomato pomace for inclusion in poultry feed. Poult. Sci., 87: 1889-1896.
CrossRef - Assi, J.A. and A.J. King, 2007. Assessment of selected antioxidants in tomato pomace subsequent to treatment with the edible oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, under solid-state fermentation. J. Agric. Food Chem., 22: 9095-9098.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Atoui, A.K., A. Mansouri, G. Boskou and P. Kefalas, 2005. Tea and herbal infusions: Their antioxidant activity and phenolic profile. Food Chem., 89: 27-36.
CrossRefDirect Link - Awadein, N.B., F. Abdel Ghany, A. Hegazy and N.A. Selim, 2012. Effect of dried ginger root (Zingiber officinale) as antibacterial on productive, reproductive and physiological performance of laying hens. Proceedings of the 3rd Mediterranean Poultry Summit of the Mediterranean Poultry Network of the WPSA and 6th International Poultry Conference of the Egyptian Poultry Science Association, March 26-29, 2012, Porto Marina, Alexandria, Egypt.
- Blois, M.S., 1958. Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181: 1199-1200.
CrossRefDirect Link - Botsoglou, N.A., P. Florou-Paneri, E. Christaki, D.J. Fletouris and A.B. Spais, 2002. Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. Br. Poult. Sci., 43: 223-230.
CrossRefDirect Link - Bunghez, I.R., M. Raduly, S. Doncea, I. Aksahin and R.M. Ion, 2011. Lycopene determination in tomatoes by different spectral techniques (UV-VIS, FTIR and HPLC). Digest J. Nanomater. Biostruct., 6: 1349-1356.
Direct Link - Campbell, J.K., K. Canene-Adams, B.L. Lindshield, T.W.M. Boileau, S.K. Clinton and J.W. Erdman Jr, 2004. Tomato phytochemicals and prostate cancer risk. J. Nutr., 134: 3486S-3492S.
Direct Link - Capanoglu, E., J. Beekwilder, D. Boyacioglu, R. Hall and R. de Vos, 2008. Changes in antioxidant and metabolite profiles during production of tomato paste. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56: 964-973.
CrossRefDirect Link - Chrubasik, S., M.H. Pittler and B.D. Roufogalis, 2005. Zingiberis rhizoma: A comprehensive review on the ginger effect and efficacy profiles. Phytomedicine, 12: 684-690.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - El-Deek, A.A., Y.A. Attia and M.M. Hannfy, 2002. Effect of anise (Pimpinella anisum), ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and their mixture on performance of broilers. Arch. Geflugelkd, 67: 92-96.
Direct Link - Georgiev, V.G., J. Weber, E.M. Kneschke, P.N. Denev, T. Bley and A.I. Pavlov, 2010. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of betalain extracts from intact plants and hairy root cultures of the red beetroot Beta vulgaris cv. Detroit dark red. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr., 65: 105-111.
CrossRefDirect Link - Helander, I.M., H.L. Alakomi, K. Latva-Kala, T. Mattila-Sandholm and I. Pol et al., 1998. Characterization of the action of selected essential oil components on gram-negative bacteria. J. Agric. Food Chem., 46: 3590-3595.
CrossRefDirect Link - Herawati and Marjuki, 2011. The effect of feeding red ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) as phytobiotic on broiler slaughter weight and meat quality. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 10: 983-986.
CrossRefDirect Link - Jang, I.S., Y.H. Ko, S.Y. Kang and C.Y. Lee, 2007. Effect of a commercial essential oil on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and intestinal microflora population in broiler chickens. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 134: 304-315.
CrossRefDirect Link - Janz, J.A.M., P.C.H. Morel, B.H.P. Wilkinson and R.W. Purchas, 2007. Preliminary investigation of the effects of low-level dietary inclusion of fragrant essential oils and oleoresins on pig performance and pork quality. Meat Sci., 75: 350-355.
CrossRefDirect Link - Javed, M., F.R. Durrani, A. Hafeez, R.U. Khan and I. Ahmad, 2009. Effect of aqueous extract of plant mixture on carcass quality of broiler chicks. ARPN J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 4: 37-40.
Direct Link - Kahkonen, M.P., A.I. Hopia, H.J. Vuorela, J.P. Rauha, K. Pihlaja, T.S. Kujala and M. Heinonen, 1999. Antioxidant activity of plant extracts containing phenolic compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47: 3954-3962.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Khan, R.U., S. Naz, Z. Nikousefat, M. Selvaggi, V. Laudadio and V. Tufarelli, 2012. Effect of ascorbic acid in heat-stressed poultry. World's Poult. Sci. J., 68: 477-490.
CrossRefDirect Link - King, A.J. and G. Zeidler, 2004. Tomato pomace may be a good source of vitamin E in broiler diets. California Agric., 58: 59-62.
CrossRefDirect Link - Kishk, Y.F.M. and E. El-Sheshetawy, 2010. Optimization of ginger (Zingiber officinale) phenolics extraction conditions and its antioxidant and radical scavenging activities using response surface methodology. World J. Dairy Food Sci., 5: 188-196.
Direct Link - Kujala, T., J. Loponen and K. Pihlaja, 2001. Betalains and phenolics in red beetroot (Beta vulgaris) peel extracts: Extraction and characterisation. Z. Naturforsch. C, 56: 343-348.
PubMed - Kundu, J.K., H.K. Na and Y.J. Surh, 2009. Ginger-derived phenolic substances with cancer preventive and therapeutic potential. Forum Nutr., 61: 182-192.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Le Bihan-Duval, E., C. Berri, E. Beaza, N. Millet and C. Beaumount, 2001. Estimation of the genetic parameters of meat characteristics and of their genetic correlations with growth and body composition in an experimental broiler line. Poult. Sci., 80: 839-843.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Lee, J.H., C.W. Son, M.Y. Kim, H.R. Kim and E.S. Kwak et al., 2009. Red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaf supplementation improves antioxidant status in C57BL/6J mice fed high fat high cholesterol diet. Nutr. Res. Pract., 3: 114-121.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Lee, K.W., H. Everts and A.C. Beynen, 2004. Essential oils in broiler nutrition. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 3: 738-752.
CrossRefDirect Link - Ling, H., H. Yang, S.H. Tan, W.K. Chui and E.H. Chew, 2010. 6-shogaol, an active constituent of ginger, inhibits breast cancer cell invasion by reducing matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via blockade of nuclear factor-κB activation. Br. J. Pharmacol., 161: 1763-1777.
CrossRefDirect Link - Lopez-Bote, C.J., J.I. Gray, E.A. Gomaa and C.I. Flegal, 1998. Effect of dietary administration of oil extracts from rosemary and sage on lipid oxidation in broiler meat. Br. Poult. Sci., 39: 235-240.
CrossRefDirect Link - Lian, F. and X.D. Wang, 2008. Enzymatic metabolites of lycopene induce Nrf2-mediated expression of phase II detoxifying/antioxidant enzymes in human bronchial epithelial cells. Int. J. Cancer, 123: 1262-1268.
CrossRefDirect Link - Mohamed, A.B., M.A.M. Al-Rubaee and A.Q. Jalil, 2012. Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on performance and blood serum parameters of broiler. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 11: 143-146.
CrossRefDirect Link - Moorthy, M., S. Ravi, M. Ravikuma, K. Viswanathan and S.C. Edwin, 2009. Ginger, pepper and curry leaf powder as feed additives in broiler diet. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 8: 779-782.
CrossRefDirect Link - Mujahid, A., Y. Akiba and M. Toyomizu, 2007. Acute heat stress induces oxidative stress and decreases adaptation in young white leghorn cockerels by downregulation of avian uncoupling protein. Poult. Sci., 86: 364-371.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Onu, P.N., 2010. Evaluation of two herbal spices as feed additives for finisher broilers. Biotechnol. Anim. Husbandry, 26: 383-392.
CrossRefDirect Link - Pedreno, M.A. and J. Escribano, 2001. Correlation between antiradical activity and stability of betanine from Beta vulgaris L. roots under different pH, temperature and light conditions. J. Sci. Food Agric., 81: 627-631.
CrossRefDirect Link - Pyrzynska, K. and A. Pekal, 2013. Application of free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) to estimate the antioxidant capacity of food samples. Anal. Methods, 5: 4288-4295.
CrossRefDirect Link - Rababah, T.M., K.I. Ereifej, R.B. Esoh, M.H. Al-u'datt, M.A. Alrababah and W. Yang, 2011. Antioxidant activities, total phenolics and HPLC analyses of the phenolic compounds of extracts from common Mediterranean plants. Nat. Prod. Res., 25: 596-605.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Rababah, T.M., N.S. Hettiarachchy and R. Horax, 2004. Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E and tert-butylhydroquinone. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 52: 5183-5186.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Saemi, F., M.J. Zamiri, A. Akhlaghi, M. Niakousari, M. Dadpasand and M.M. Ommati, 2012. Dietary inclusion of dried tomato pomace improves the seminal characteristics in Iranian native roosters. Poult. Sci., 91: 2310-2315.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Sadeghi, A.A., W. Izadi, P. Shawrang, M. Chamani and M. Aminafshar, 2012. Effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) powder supplementation on total antioxidant capacity of plasma and oxidative stress in broiler chicks challenged with Salmonella enteritidis. World Applied Sci. J., 18: 130-134.
Direct Link - Saeid, J.M., A.B. Mohamed and M.A. Al-Baddy, 2010. Effect of aqueous extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on blood biochemistry parameters of broiler. Int. J. Poult. Sci., 9: 944-947.
CrossRefDirect Link - Sahin, K., C. Orhan, M.O. Smith and N. Sahin, 2013. Molecular targets of dietary phytochemicals for the alleviation of heat stress in poultry. World's Poult. Sci. J., 69: 113-124.
CrossRefDirect Link - Sahin, K., F. Akdemir, C. Orhan, M. Tuzcu, A. Hayirli and N. Sahin, 2010. Effects of dietary resveratrol supplementation on egg production and antioxidant status. Poult. Sci., 89: 1190-1198.
CrossRefDirect Link - Sahin, K., M. Onderci, N. Sahin, M.F. Gursu, F. Khachik and O. Kucuk, 2006. Effects of lycopene supplementation on antioxidant status, oxidative stress, performance and carcass characteristics in heat-stressed Japanese quail. J. Thermal Biol., 31: 307-312.
CrossRefDirect Link - Sahin, K. and O. Kucuk, 2003. Heat stress and dietary vitamin supplementation of poultry diets. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. Ser. B: Livest. Feeds Feeding, 73: 41R-50R.
Direct Link - Sahin, N., F. Akdemir, C. Orhan, O. Kucuk, A. Hayirli and K. Sahin, 2008. Lycopene-enriched quail egg as functional food for humans. Food Res. Int., 41: 295-300.
CrossRef - Sasidharan, I. and A.N. Menon, 2010. Comparative chemical composition and antimicrobial activity fresh and dry ginger oils (Zingiber officinale roscoe). Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res., 2: 40-43.
Direct Link - Shi, J. and M. LeMaguer, 2000. Lycopene in tomatoes: Chemical and physical properties affected by food processing. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., 20: 293-334.
PubMedDirect Link - Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M. and P.E. Bowen, 2005. Role of lycopene and tomato products in prostate health. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis., 1740: 202-205.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Sturzoiu, A., M. Stroescu, A. Stoica and T. Dobre, 2011. Betanine extraction from beta vulgaris-experimental research and statistical modeling. U.P.B. Sci. Bull., 73: 145-156.
Direct Link - Sudarshan, S., N. Fairoze, S.W. Ruban, S.R. Badhe and B.V. Raghunath, 2010. Effect of aqueous extract and essential oils of ginger and garlic as decontaminat in chicken meat. Res. J. Poult. Sci., 3: 58-61.
CrossRefDirect Link - Tavarez, M.A., D.D. Boler, K.N. Bess, J. Zhao and F. Yan et al., 2011. Effect of antioxidant inclusion and oil quality on broiler performance, meat quality and lipid oxidation. Poult. Sci., 90: 922-930.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Kujala, T.S., J.M. Loponen, K.D. Klika and K. Pihlaja, 2000. Phenolics and betacyanins in red beetroot (Beta vulgaris) root: Distribution and effect of cold storage on the content of total phenolics and three individual compounds. J. Agric. Food Chem., 48: 5338-5342.
CrossRefDirect Link - Wright, L.P., N.I. Mphangwe, H.E. Nyirenda and Z. Apostolides, 2000. Analysis of caffeine and flavan-3-ol composition in the fresh leaf of Camellia sinesis for predicting the quality of the black tea produced in Central and Southern Africa. J. Sci. Food Agric., 80: 1823-1830.
CrossRefDirect Link - Yesilbag, D., M. Eren, H. Agel, A. Kovanlikaya and F. Balci, 2011. Effects of dietary rosemary, rosemary volatile oil and vitamin E on broiler performance, meat quality and serum SOD activity. Br. Poult. Sci., 52: 472-482.
CrossRefPubMedDirect Link - Zhang, G.F., Z.B. Yang, Y. Wang, W.R. Yang, S.Z. Jiang and G.S. Gai, 2009. Effects of ginger root (Zingiber officinale) processed to different particle sizes on growth performance, antioxidant status and serum metabolites of broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 88: 2159-2166.
CrossRefDirect Link - Cai, Y.Z., M. Sun and H. Corke, 2005. Characterization and application of betalain pigments from plants of the Amaranthaceae. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 16: 370-376.
CrossRefDirect Link