Trends in Applied Sciences Research1819-35792151-7908Science International10.3923/tasr.2007.132.138BlumKenneth ChenThomas J.H.DownsB.W. MeshkinBrian BlumSeth H. PonsManuel Martinez MengucciJulie F. WaiteRoger L. ArcuriVanessa VarshofsikyMichael BravermanEric R. 2200722The present research was conducted to test the hypothesis that manipulation of the reward neural circuitry by utilization of oral and intravenous amino-acidenkephalinase therapy would improve both the emotional and behavioral symptomology of recovering 600 alcoholics in an open trial clinical study. Our findings suggest that the combination of both oral and intravenous administration of SG8839 significantly improved both the emotional and behavioral recovery of the alcoholic subjects when compared to pre and post administration scores, including reduction of craving (p<0.001), reduced depression (p<0.001), reduced anxiety (p<0.001), anger (p<0.001), fatigue (p<0.001), lack of energy (p<0.001) and crisis (p<0.001). Mean reductions for anxiety (53.8±10.2%), craving (76.3±3.1%), depression (61.0±6.3%), fatigue (76.9±3.1%) and crisis (53.8±5.5%) were all significantly greater than 50% (p<0.001). This is the first study combining both oral and intravenous solutions suggesting clinical improvement.]]>Blum, K., M.C. Trachtenberg and J. Ramsey,198823991998Blum, K., M.C. Trachtenberg, C.E. Elliott, M.L. Dingler, R.L. Sexton, A.I. Samuels and L. Cataldie,19885481493Blum, K., D. Allison, M.C. Trachtenberg and Others,19884312041214Blum, K. and G.P. Kozlowski,19901990pp: 131-149pp: 131-149Blum, K., E.P. Noble, P.J. Sheridan, A. Montgomery and T. Ritchie et al.,199026320552060Blum, K., M.C. Trachtenberg and D.W. Cook,199048217233Blum, K. and J. Payne,19911st Edn.,Blum, K., J.G. Cull, E.R. Braverman and D.E. Comings,199684132145Blum, K., E.R. Braverman, R.C. Wood, J. Gill and C. Li et al.,19966297305Blum, K., J.G. Cull, J.H.T. Chen, S.G. Swan and J.M. Holder et al,199758745763Blum, K. and E.R. Braverman,2000321112Blum, K., B. Meshkin and B.W. Downs,20066610081018Brown, R.J., K. Blum and M.C. Trachtenberg,199022173187Chen, T.J.H., K. Blum, J.T. Payte, J. Schoolfield, D. Hopper, M. Stanford and E.R. Braverman,200463538548Cold, J.A.,19961217Comings, D.E., B.G. Comings, D. Muhleman, G. Dietz and B. Shahbahrami et al.,199126617931800Comings, D.E. and K. Blum,2000126325341Connor, J.P., R.M. Young, B.R. Lawford, T.L. Ritchie and E.P. Noble,2002171723Defrance, J.J., C. Hymel and M.C. Trachtenberg et al.,1997286875Di Chiara, G. and A. Impereto,19888552745278Gardner, E.L.,19971997pp: 51-58pp: 51-58Gessa, G.L., F. Mutoni, M. Coller, L. Vargin and G. Mercer,1985348201203Hietata, J., C. West, E. Syvalahti, K. Nagren, P. Lehikoinen and U. Sonninen,1994in vivo in patients with alcohol dependence.]]>116285290Hill, S.Y., N. Zezza, G. Wipprecht, J. Locke and K. Neiswanger,199988634641Kuilkka, J.T., J.L. Baulieu, J. Hiltunen and C. Halldin et al.,199825531534Little, K.Y. and L. Zang,1999156238245Noble, E.P., K. Blum, T. Ritchie, A. Montgomery and P. Sheridan,199248648654Noble, E.P., K. Syndilko, R.J. Fitch, T. Ritchie and M.C. Bohlman et al.,199429729744Noble, E.P., T.Z. Ozkaragoz, T. Ritchie, X. Zhang, T.R. Bekin and R.S. Sparkes,199881257267Noble, E.P.,2003116103125Repo, E., J.T. Kuikka, K.A. Bergstrom, J. Karhu, J. Hiltunen and J. Tiihonen,1999147314318Rowe, D.C.,198624513532Thanos, P.K., N.D. Volkow and P. Freimith et al.,20017810941103Thanos, P.K., S.N. Rivera, K. Weaver, D.K. Grandy and M. Ruberstein et al.,200577130139Tihonen, J., J. Kuikka, K. Bergstrom, P. Hakola, J. Karhu, O.P. Ryynanen and J. Fohr,19951654657Volkow, N.D., J.S. Fowler, G.J. Wang, R. Hitzman and J. Logan et al.,199314169177Volkow, N.D., G.J. Wang, J.S. Fowler, R. Chen and N.O. Volkow et al.,19962015941598Volkow, N.D. and J.S. Fowler,200010318325Volkow, N.D., L. Chang, G.J. Wang, J.S. Fowler and Y.S. Ding et al.,2001158377382Volkow, N.D., J.S. Fowler and G.J. Wang,200213355366Volkow, N.D., J.S. Fowler and G.J. Wang,200311114441451Xu, K., D. Lichterman, R.H. Kipsky, P. Franke and X. Liu et al.,200461567606