Research Journal of Phytochemistry1819-34712151-6081Science International10.3923/rjphyto.2015.88.115ChikeziePaul C. IbegbulemChiedozie O. MbagwuFerdinand N. 3201593Plants are widely used in many indigenous systems of medicine for therapeutic purposes and are increasingly becoming popular in modern society as alternatives to synthetic medicines. Bioactive principles are derived from the products of plant primary metabolites, which are associated with the process of photosynthesis. The present review highlighted the chemical diversity and medicinal potentials of bioactive principles as well inherent toxicity concerns associated with the use of these plant products, which are of relevance to the clinician, pharmacist or toxicologist. Plant materials are composed of vast array of bioactive principles of which their isolation, identification and characterization for analytical evaluation requires expertise with cutting edge analytical protocols and instrumentations. Bioactive principles are responsible for the therapeutic activities of medicinal plants and provide unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of their unmatched availability and chemical diversity. For the most part, the beneficial or toxic outcomes of standardized plant extracts depend on the chemical peculiarities of the containing bioactive principles.]]>Abdel-Azim, N.S., K.A. Shams, A.A.A. Shahat, M.M. El-Missiry, S.I. Ismail and F.M. Hammouda,20115136144Adlercreutz, H.,20102010pp: 78-93pp: 78-93Akande, K.E., U.D. Doma, H.O. Agu and H.M. Adamu,20109827832Amarowicz, R., M. Naczk and F. Shahidi,200077957961Amin, I., H.A. Faizul and R. Azli,200434116121Amor, I.L.B., J. Boubaker, M.B. Sgaier, I. Skandrani and W. Bhouri et al.,2009Phlomis species.]]>125183202Aqil, F., I. Ahmad and Z. Mehmood,200630177183Aregheore, E.M. and O.O. Agunbiade,1991Manihot esculenta grantz) diets on humans: A review.]]>33274275Ashnagar, A., N.G. Naseri and H.H. Nasab,2007Rheum palmatum).]]>4546549Attard, E. and P. Pacioni,2012In Vitro Pharmacological Testing of Maltese Medicinal Plants.]]>2012pp: 93-112pp: 93-112Ayaffor, J.F., M.H.K. Tehuendem and B. Nyasse,1994Afromomum aulacocapos.]]>57917923Azmir, J., I.S.M. Zaidul, M.M. Rahman, K.M. Sharif and A. Mohamed et al.,2013117426436Balde, A.M., L. van Hoof, L.A. Pieters, D.A. Vanden Berghe and A.J. Vlietinck,1990Pavetta owariensis.]]>4182188Balunas, M.J. and A.D. Kinghorn,200578431441Bate-Smith, E.C.,197312907912Belonwu, D.C., C.O. Ibegbulem and P.C. Chikezie,2014Anacardium occidentale.]]>3193199Bender, D.A and P.A. Mayes,20032003pp: 102-110pp: 102-110Berlandier, F.A.,1996Lupinus angustifolius, influences green peach aphid reproductive performance.]]>791924Bernhoft, A.,20102010pp: 11-18pp: 11-18Bhavsar, S.K., S. Singh, S. Giri, M.R. Jain and D.D. Santani,2009Helicteres isora on lipid and glucose metabolism regulating genes expression.]]>124426433Binks, S. and P. Davies,200724307308Bonora, A., S. Pancaldi, R. Gualandri and F.M. Palmira,2000Arum italicum Miller fruit during maturation and ripening.]]>51873884Brimer, L.,20102010pp: 125-143pp: 125-143Brown, J.P.,198075243277Bruneton, J.,19992nd Edn.,Pages: 1136Pages: 1136Buijsse, B., E.J.M. Feskens, F.J. Kok and D. Kromhout,2006166411417Busic, V., S. Kovac, D. Gaso-Sokac and H. Lepedus,200837391397Capasso, A., V. de Feo, F. de Simone and L. Sorrentino,1997Brugmansia arborea (L.) Lagerheim.]]>354348Caputo, R., L. Mangoni, P. Monaco and L. Previtera,1974Olea europaea.]]>1328252827Carlson, T.J.S.,200214553Chan, K.W., S. Iqbal, N.M.H. Khong, D.J. Ooi and M. Ismail,201456181186Chikezie, P.C., O.A. Ojiako and K.C. Nwufo,20152015Chiou, W.F., C.J. Chou, J.F. Liao, A.Y.C. Sham and C.F. Chen,1994Evodia rutaecarpa.]]>2575966Chua, L.S.,2013150805817Chung, K.T., T.Y. Wong, C.I. Wei, Y.W. Huang and Y. Lin,199838421464Cowan, M.M.,199912564582Crawford, A.D., S. Liekens, A.R. Kamuhabwa, J. Maes and S. Munck et al.,20112011Cushnie, T.P.T. and A.J. Lamb,200526343356Datla, K.P., M. Christidou, W.W. Widmer, H.K. Rooprai and D.T. Dexter,20011238713875De Pascual-Teresa, S., C. Santos-Buelga and J.C. Rivas-Gonzalo,20004853315337Del Bas, J.M., J. Fernandez-Larrea, M. Blay, A. Ardevol, M.J. Salvado, L. Arola and C. Blade,200519479481Dey, A. and J.N. De,20155119Eberhardt, T.L., X. Li, T.F. Shupe and C.Y. Hse,2007Sapium sebiferum) utilization: Characterization of extractives and cell-wall chemistry.]]>39319324Ejele, A.E., C.I. Akalezi, I.C. Iwu, L.N. Ukiwe, C.K. Enenebaku and S.U. Ngwu,2014Piper umbellatum seed extract.]]>66170Ejele, A.E., I.C. Iwu, C.K. Enenebeaku, L.N. Ukiwe and B.N. Okolue,2012Garcinia kola.]]>3668672Elamrani, A.,2011Olea europaea L. grown in Morocco.]]>16369Eldeen, I.M.S. and J. van Staden,2007In vitro pharmacological investigation of extracts from some trees used in Sudanese traditional medicine.]]>73435440Elekofehinti, O.O., J.P. Kamdem, I.J. Kade, J.B.T. Rocha and I.G. Adanlawo,2013Solanum anguivi Lam. fruits in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.]]>885661Eloff, J.N.,19986018Eneji, S.M., H.M. Inuwa, S. Ibrahim, A.B. Ibrahim and A. Abdulfattah,2011In vitro assessment of bioactive components of Mirabilis jalapa ethanolic extract on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi and Bacillus cereus.]]>101600616011Enneking, D. and M. Wink,20002000pp: 375-384pp: 375-384Fabricant, D.S. and N.R. Farnsworth,20011096975Fadeyi, S.A., O.O. Fadeyi, A.A. Adejumo, C. Okoro and E.L. Myles,2013In vitro anticancer screening of 24 locally used Nigerian medicinal plants.]]>2013Francis, G., Z. Kerem, H.P. Makkar and K. Becker,200288587605FSANZ.,20042004Galati, G. and P.J. O'Brien, 200437287303Ghezala, H.B., N. Chaouali, I. Gana, S. Snouda and A. Nouioui et al.,2015Rhamnus alaternus: A rare case report.]]>2015Ghosh, D. and T. Konishi,200716200208Glauert, A.M., J.T. Dingle and J.A. Lucy,1962196953955Goldstein, J.L. and T. Swain,19632371383Gu, H.F., C.M. Li, Y.J. Xu, W.F. Hu, M.H. Chen and Q.H. Wan,200841208217Gueritte, F. and J. Fahy,20052005pp: 123-136pp: 123-136Gulcin, I., V. Mshvildadze, A. Gepdiremen and R. Elias,200470561563Gupta, R., B. Gabrielsen and S.M. Ferguson,20052203219Gurib-Fakim, A.,200627193Gemede, H.F. and N. Ratta,20143284289Haden, M., D.A.S. Marshall and B. Murphy,201156236236Hagerman, A.E., K.M. Riedl, G.A. Jones, K.N. Sovik, N.T. Ritchard, P.W. Hartzfeld and T.L. Riechel,19984618871892Hamauzu, Y., H. Yasui, T. Inno, C. Kume and M. Omanyuda,2005Pseudocydonia sinensis schneid.), quince (cydonia oblonga mill.) and apple (Malus domestica mill.) fruits.]]>53928934Han, L.K., Y.N. Zheng, B.J. Xu, H. Okuda and Y. Kimura,2002Platycodi radix ameliorate high fat diet-induced obesity in mice.]]>13222412245Harborne, J.B. and C.A. Williams,200055481504Harborne, J.B.,19983rd Edn.,Pages: 302Pages: 302Harwood, H.J., E. Chandler and L.D. Pellarin,199334377395Hatano, T., H. Kagawa, T. Yasuhara and T. Okuda,19883620902097Havsteen, B.H.,20029667202Hazra, K.M., R.N. Roy, S.K. Sen and S. Laskar,2007Mimusops elengi Linn.]]>614461449Heijnen, C.G.M., G.R.M.M. Haenen, F.A.A. van Acker, W.J.F. van der Vijgh and A. Bast,20011536Heinrich, M., J. Barnes, S. Gibbons and E.M. Williamson,20041st Edn.,pages: 309pages: 309Howell, T., D. MacDougall and P. Jones,199839892900Hu, M.,20074803806Imaga, N.A.,20132013Ingebrigtsen, K.,20102010pp: 30-43pp: 30-43Jadhav, R. and G. Puchchakayala,20124251256Pitchai, D., R. Manikkam, S.R. Rajendran and G. Pitchai,201054345Potter, S.M., R. Jimenez-Flores, J. Pollack, T.A. Lone and M.D. Berber-Jimenez,19934112871291Prabakaran, D. and N. Ashokkumar,201395366373Prabhakar, P.K. and M. Doble,20084291308Prescott, L., J. Harley and D.A. Klein,1999Pages: 962Pages: 962Rabi, T. and A. Bishayee,2009115223239Rahimi, M., R. Farhadi, M.S. Balashahri and A.S. Raeisi,20123128131Rajendran, S., P.D. Deepalakshmi, K. Parasakthy, H. Devaraj and S.N. Devaraj,1996123235241Ramawat, K.G., S. Dass and M. Mathur,20092009pp: 7-32pp: 7-32Ramawat, K.G.,20072007pp: 21pp: 21Ramiro, E., A. Franch, C. Castellote, C. Andres-Lacueva, M. Izquierdo-Pulido and M. Castell,2005Theobroma cacao flavonoids on immune activation of a lymphoid cell line.]]>93859866Ranneh, Y., F. Ali and N.M. Esa,2013Theobroma cacao L.) in colon cancer.]]>2013Rao, S.L.N., P.R. Adiga and P.S. Sarma,1964Lathyrus satuivus.]]>47432436Reed, J.D.,19957315161528Robbins, C.T., T.A. Hanley, A.E. Hagerman, O. Hjeljord, D.L. Baker, C.C. Schwartz and W.W. Mautz,19876898107Rodriguez-Ramiro, I., S. Ramos, E. Lopez-Oliva, A. Agis-Torres, L. Bravo, L. Goya and M.A. Martin,2013110206215Roeder, E.,1995508398Rolo, A.P. and C.M. Palmeira,2006212167178Ruzaidi, A., I. Amin, A.G. Nawalyah, M. Hamid and H.A. Faizul,2005985560Saija, A., M. Scalese, M. Lanza, D. Marzullo, F. Bonina and F. Castelli,199519481486Santos-Buelga, C. and A. Scalbert,20008010941117Sardari, S., S. Nishibe and M. Daneshtalab,200023335393Sasidharan, S., Y. Chen, D. Saravaran, K.M. Sundram and L.Y. Latha,20118110Sarker, S.D., Z. Latif and I. Gray,20062nd Edn.,Savithramma, N., M.L. Rao and D. Suhrulatha,20118579584Scalbert, A., I.T. Johnson and M. Saltmarsh,200581215S217SScalbert, A.,19913038753883Schep, L.J., D.M. Schmierer and J.S. Fountain,2006257378Selmi, C., T.K. Mao, C.L. Keen, H.H. Schmitz and M.E. Gershwin,200647S163S171Shao, Y., C.K. Chin, C.T. Ho, W. Ma, S.A. Garrison and M.T. Huang,19961043136Silalahi, J.,2002117984Song, X. and S. Hu,20092748834890Steinberg, F.M., M.M. Bearden and C.L. Keen,2003103215223Karayil, S., K.P.S. Chandran, P.S. Sudeesh and K. Veraiah,2014Ceropegia juncea (Roxb.).]]>91922Sugihara, Y., H. Nojima, H. Matsuda, T. Murakami, M. Yoshikawa and I. Kimura,20002321327Sun, J., 200712259264Tadele, Y.,2015364047Thati, B., A. Noble, B.S. Creaven, M. Walsh, K. Kavanagh and D.A. Egan,2007in vitro investigation of the induction of apoptosis and modulation of cell cycle events in human cancer cells by bisphenanthroline-coumarin-6, 7-dioxacetatocopper (II) complex.]]>168143158Theis, N. and M. Lerdau,2003164S93S102Thipyapong, P., M.D. Hunt and J.C. Steffens,2004220105117Van de Venter, M., S. Roux, L.C. Bungu, J. Louw and N.R. Crouch et al.,20081198186Vanderperren, R., M. Rizzo, L. Angenot, V. Haufroid, M. Jadoul and P. Hantson,20053913531357Velayutham, R., N. Sankaradoss and K.N. Ahamed,2012Ficus racemosa in hypercholesterolemia and diabetes induced vascular tissue damage in rats.]]>5367373Venkatesan, N., S.N. Devaraj and H. Devaraj,200342262271Vetter, J.,2000381136Vinatoru, M., M. Toma, O. Radu, P.I. Filip, D. Lazurca and T.J. Mason,19974135139Visavadiya, N.P. and A.V.R.L. Narasimhacharya,20112011Wagner, K.H. and I. Elmadfa,20034795106Walsh, G.,20032003pp: 403-461pp: 403-461WHO.,20012001Yadav, M., S. Chatterji, S.K. Gupta and G. Watal,20146539542Yamagishi, M., N. Osakabe, M. Natsume, T. Adachi, T. Takizawa, H. Kumon and T. Osawa,20013912791283Yamagishi, T., M. Nishizawa, M. Ikura, K. Hikichi, G.I. Nonaka and I. Nishioka,19873531323138Yan, M., L.Y. Zhang, L.X. Sun, Z.Z. Jiang and X.H. Xiao,2006107308311Yokozawa, T., E.J. Cho, C.H. Park and J.H. Kim,20112011Yu, B.C., C.R. Hung, W.C. Chen and J.T. Cheng,20036910751079Zhang, B.B. and D.E. Moller,20004461467Zhang, L., J.H. Chang, B.Q. Zhang, X.G. Liu and P. Liu et al.,20151048696Zheng, T., G. Shu, Z. Yang, S. Mo, Y. Zhao and Z. Mei,2012Entada phaseoloides (L.) merr. In type 2 diabetic rats.]]>139814821Zhou, L.G. and J.Y. Wu,200623789810Jain, D.P., S.S. Pancholi and R. Patel,20112177183Jayeola, C.O., A. Oluwadun, L.E. Yahaya, L.N. Dongo, A.A. Ajao and F.C. Mokwunye,20115513 521Jones, W.P. and A.D. Kinghorn,200520323351Jouvenaz, D.P., M.S. Blum and J.G. MacConnell,1972Solenopsis invicta buren.]]>2291293Jung, M., M. Park, H.C. Lee, Y.H. Kang, E.S. Kang and S.K. Kim,20061312031218Karakas, F.P., A. Yildirim and A. Turker,201236641652Kaul, T.N., E. Middleton Jr. and P.L. Ogra,1985157179Kay, A., L. Chiu and C.A. Chong,20112011Khan, I.A., M.V. Kulkarni, M. Gopal, M.S. Shahabuddin and C.M. Sun,20051535843587Kim, J., K.W. Lee and H.J. Lee,2011Theobroma cacao) Seeds and Phytochemicals in Human Health.]]>2011pp: 351-360pp: 351-360King, T.J. and J.S. Bertram,20051719146160Kinghorn, A.D. and M.F. Balandrin,1993Pages: 356Pages: 356Kinghorn, A.D., H.B. Chai, C.K. Sung and W.J. Keller,2011827179Kiruthika, K.A. and R. Sornaraj,2011Datura metel using the GC-MS technology.]]>320252028Koukoulitsa, E., H. Skaltsa, A. Karioti, C. Demetzos and K. Dimas,2002Centaurea species and their cytotoxic/cytostatic activity against human cell lines in vitro.]]>68649652Kren, V. and L. Martinkova,2001813031328Kuete, V.,20142014pp: 611-633pp: 611-633Kumar, M.N. and N.B. Gilula,199684381388Kumar, R. and S. Vaithiyanathan,1990302138Kumar, S., S. Narwal, V. Kumar and O. Prakash,201151929Kurosawa, T., F. Itoh, A. Nozaki, Y. Nakano and S. Katsuda et al.,2005122028Kutchan, T.M.,1995710591070Kwag, J.S., H.J. Oh, H.O. Lee, N.B. Perry and S.H. Baek,200336770Lazze, M.C., R. Pizzala, M. Savio, L.A. Stivala, E. Prosperi and L. Bianchi,2003tert-butyl-hydroperoxide in rat smooth muscle and hepatoma cells.]]>535103115Lee, B.K., J.H. Kim, JW. Jung, J.W. Choi and E.S. Han et al.,20051574956Lee, D.E., B.J. Shin, H.J. Hur, J.H. Kim and J. Kim et al.,2010104164170Lesney, M.S.,2004132632Lila, M.A.,2004in vitro investigative approach.]]>5306313Lin, N., T. Sato, Y. Takayam, Y. Mimaki, Y. Sashida, M. Yano and A. Ito,20036520652071Liu, R.H.,200378517S520SLoukis, A. and S. Philianos,1980Acanthus mollis L.]]>51183185Ma, D.Q., Z.J. Jiang, S.Q. Xu, X. Yu, X.M. Hu and H.Y. Pan,2012Morus indica on blood lipids and glucose in hyperlipidemia-diabetic rats.]]>4314318Makkar, H.P.S., M. Blummel, N.K. Borowy and K. Becker,199361161165Maneerat, W., W. Phakhodee, T. Ritthiwigrom, S. Cheenpracha and T. Promgool et al.,2012Clausena harmandiana twigs.]]>8311101114Marles, R.J. and N.R. Farnsworth,19952137189Marshall, M.E., K. Butler, J. Cantrell, C. Wiseman and L. Mendelsohn,1989246566Matos, M.J., F. Mura, S. Vazquez-Rodriguez, F. Borges, L. Santana, E. Uriarte and C. Olea-Azar,20152032903308Milugo, T.K., L.K. Omosa, J.O. Ochanda, B.O. Owuor, F.A. Wamunyokoli, J.O. Oyugi and J.W. Ochieng,2013Rauvolfia caffra sond.): Further evidence to support biotechnology in traditional medicinal plants.]]>2013Moroney, M.A., M.J. Alcaraz, R.A. Forder, F. Carey and J.R. Hoult,198840787792Musabayane, C.T.,201223462468Nagegowda, D.A., M. Gutensohn, C.G. Wilkerson and N. Dudareva,200855224239Neergheen-Bhujun, V.S.,20132013Negi, J.S., P. Singh and B. Rawat,20113115Newman, D.J., G.M. Cragg and K.M. Snader,20036610221037Ng, T.B., C.M. Wong, W.W. Li and H.W. Yeung,1986Momordica charantia seeds.]]>15107117Nwanna, E.E., E.O. Ibukun, G. Oboh, A.O. Ademosun, A.A. Boligon and M. Athayde,2014in-vitro property of polyphenols extracts from (Solanum aethiopium) fruits on α-amylase, α-glucosidase and angiotensin-1-converting enzyme activities.]]>10272281Nyirimigabo, E., Y. Xu, Y. Li, Y. Wang, K. Agyemang and Y. Zhang,2015Aconitum.]]>67119Obatomi, D.K. and P.H. Bach,199836335346Ojewole, J.A.O.,2006Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch and C.A. Mey. (Hypoxidaceae) corm [African Potato] aqueous extract in mice and rats.]]>103126134Okamura, H., A. Mimura, Y. Yakou, M. Niwano and Y. Takahara,1993Eucalyptus rostrata.]]>33557561Osakabe, N., C. Sanbongi, M. Yamagishi, T. Takizawa and T. Osawa,1998Theobroma cacao on gastric mucosal lesion induced by ethanol.]]>6215351553Ouedraogo, M., T. Baudoux, C. Stevigny, J. Nortier and J.M. Colet et al.,2012140492512Pan, S.Y., S.B. Chen, H.G. Dong, Z.L. Yu and J.C. Dong et al.,20112011Parekh, H.S., G. Liu and M.Q. Wei,20092009Patel, D.K., S.K. Prasad, R. Kumar and S. Hemalatha,20122320330Patel, R.M. and N.J. Patel,2011In vitro antioxidant activity of coumarin compounds by DPPH, super oxide and nitric oxide free radical scavenging methods.]]>15268Pelletier, S.W.,1983Perrett, S., P.J. Whitfield, L. Sanderson and A. Bartlett,1995Millettia thonningii (Leguminosae) as a topical antischistosomal agent.]]>474954Petit, P.R., Y.D. Sauvaire, D.M. Hillaire-Buys, O.M. Leconte, Y.G. Baissac, G.R. Ponsin and G.R. Ribes,199560674680