Plant Pathology Journal1812-53871812-5425Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/ppj.2019.1.11Phytophthora palmivora Causing Black Pod Rot Disease on Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in Indonesia]]>Masanto WibowoArif SubandiyahSiti KageyamaKoji 12019181Background and Objective: Black pod rot disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora is one of factors contributing in decrease of cocoa production in Indonesia. This research was conducted to study the variation of P. palmivora causing black pod rot disease in Indonesia based on morphological characteristics and sexual reproduction. Materials and Methods: Pathogen was isolated from cocoa pods showing black rot symptoms in Indonesia for morphological and sexual characterization as well as molecular confirmation. Quantitative data of sporangial and sexual features were recorded and arranged in multivariate as well as calculated using phonetic method with hierarchical cluster. Those characters were clustered through average linkage and reconfirmed with principal component analysis (PCA) and dendrogram using NTsys 2.10e program. Results: Fifty-five isolates of pathogenic agents had been successfully collected from 38 regencies (23 provinces) in Indonesia. They had various sporangial shape, i.e., distorted, ellipsoid, globose, obpyriform and ovoid as well as and spherical chlamydospores. These features were recognized as the characteristics of Phytophthora palmivora. Molecular analysis confirmed that all isolates were positively detected with multiplex PCR using species-specific primers. Sexual reproduction was characterized with the formation of amphigynous antheridia as well as spherical oogonia and oospores in which A2 type occurred more frequently thanA1 type. Conclusion: Those isolates were classified into 8 clusters which were independent with geographical area and mating types.]]>FAOSTAT.,20172017ICBS.,20172017Susilo, A.W.,2007Theobroma cacao L.) breeding program by using molecular marker in selection process.]]>231124McMahon, P. and A. Purwantara,20042004pp: 104-115pp: 104-115Drenth, A. and B. Sendall,2004Phytophthora Diseases in Southeast Asia.]]>2004Sriwati, R. and R. Muarif,2012Phytophthora palmivora on cocoa leaves.]]>123034Purwantara, A., P. McMahon, A.W. Susilo, S. Sukamto and S. Mulia et al.,2015Phytophthora palmivora.]]>771826Erwin, D.C.,1983Phytophthora.]]>1983pp: 149-165pp: 149-165Santoso, P.J., I.N.P. Aryantha, A. Pancoro and S. Suhandono,2015Pythium and Phytophthora associated with durian (Durio sp.) in Indonesia: Their molecular and morphological characteristics and distribution.]]>95971Hamidah, S. and R. Kasiamdari,2012Annona muricata, Annona squamosa and Annona reticulate species using alkaloid approach.]]>17153157Wahyuni, S.,2006125866Soladoye, M.O., M.A. Sonibare and E.C. Chukwuma,2010Indigofera Linn. (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) in South-Western Nigeria.]]>6343350Appiah, A.A., J. Flood, S.A. Archer and P.D. Bridge,2004Phytophthora species on cocoa.]]>53209219Forster, H., P. Oudemans and M.D. Coffey,1990Phytophthora.]]>141831Maora, J.S., E.C.Y. Liew and D.I. Guest,2017Phytophthora palmivora from cocoa in Papua New Guinea.]]>66124130Mchau, G.R. and M.D. Coffey,1994Phytophthora palmivora: Evidence for a Southeast Asian centre of origin.]]>9810351043Mohammed, M.S., M. Dickinson and I.A. Seman,2015Phytophthora palmivora, the causal agent of bud rot disease of oil palm.]]>2015pp: 156163Motulo, H.F.J., M.S. Sinaga, S. Mandang and A. Tjahjoleksono,2004Phytophthora palmivora isolates causes nut fall disease on coconut plantation based on the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD).]]>10154158Motulo, H.F.J., M.S. Sinaga, A. Hartana, G. Suastika and H. Aswidinnoor,2007Phytophthora palmivora isolates from coconut and cacao.]]>13111118Purwantara, A. and A. Umayah,2010Phytophthora palmivora from cocoa in Indonesia using AFLP.]]>785869Sudheesh, K.G. and V.B. Sreekumar,2006Phytophthora palmivora (Butl.) using RAPD markers.]]>154542544Umayah, A., M.S. Sinaga and S. Sastrosumarjo,2007Phytophthora palmivora from cocoa in Indonesia.]]>23129138Komalasari, I., S. Suryanti and B. Hadisutrisno,2018221319Tashiro, N., S. Uematsu, Y. Ide and M. Matsuzaki,2012Phytophthora palmivora as a causal pathogen of citrus brown rot in Japan.]]>78233236Jee, H.J., W.G. Kim and W.D. Cho,1997Phytophthora palmivora isolated from Areca palm and soil in Korea.]]>13438441Erwin, D.C. and O.K. Ribeiro,1996Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide.]]>Pages: 562Pages: 562IAQA.,20182018