Plant Pathology Journal1812-53871812-5425Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/ppj.2016.27.39Macrophomina phaseolina Through Microbial Antagonists]]>ShahidShumaila Rahman KhanMujeebur 22016152Present study was carried out to examine the biological potential of different fungal and bacterial antagonists viz., Trichoderma harzianum, T. reesei, Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis in management of root-rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and on the growth parameters of mungbean under pot condition. From the results, it was evident that the microbial antagonists significantly suppressed the root-rot disease (27-51%) and improved the growth and yield of mungbean. However, the root-rot fungus caused excessive rotting of roots and stunting of plant growth in the untreated plants. Among the tested biological control agents against M. phaseolina, T. harzianum was found to be the most effective against the fungus and resulted in 51% decrease in the root-rot severity and 31% increase in the yield, followed by B. subtilis. Root-rot infection significantly reduced functional root nodules by 58%. Biochemical components viz., total chlorophyll, total carotenoid and leghaemoglobin content was also decreased by 48, 38 and 25%, respectively, in the root-rot fungus infected plants. However, treatment with the biological control agents significantly increased the biochemical components as well as root nodulation in the order T. harzianum>B. subtilis>T. reesei>A. niger. Soil population of M. phaseolina in untreated pots increased exponentially but the increase was 30-66% less in the pots treated with biological control agents. The study has clearly demonstrated that these microbial antagonists specially, T. harzianum and B. subtilis significantly managed the root-rot disease as well as improved the plant growth and yield of mungbean.]]>Saravanakumar, D., S. Harish, M. Loganathan, R. Vivekananthan, L. Rajendran, T. Raguchander and R. Samiyappan,2007Macrophomina root rot in mungbean.]]>40323337Thirumaran, A.S. and M.A. Seralathan,19881988pp: 470485FAOSTAT,2014Taylor, R.S., D.B. Weaver, C. Wood and E. van Santen,200545854858Rattanawongsa, N.,19931993Yaqub, M., T. Mahmood, M. Akhtar, M.M. Iqbal and S. Ali,2010Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] as a grain legume in the annual rice-wheat double cropping system.]]>4231253135Khan, N. and M.R. Khan,2001Rhizoctonia solani.]]>223637Raguchander, T., R. Samiappan and G. Arjunan,1993Macrophomina root rot of mungbean.]]>46379382Wyllie, T.D.,19931993pp: 30-33pp: 30-33Wrather, J.A., T.R. Anderson, D.M. Arsyad, J. Gai and L.D. Ploper et al.,199781107110Dhingra, O.D. and J.B. Sinclair,1978Macrophomina phaseolina.]]>Pages: 166Pages: 166Wheeler, H.,1975Pages: 106Pages: 106Bouhot, D.,1967Macrophomina phaseolina sur arachide.]]>2211651171Kaushik, C.D. and J.N. Chand,1987Rhizoctonia bataticola causing leaf blight of mung bean.]]>17154157Khalko, S., S. Pan and S. Bhagat,2006Macrophomina phaseolina against fungicides.]]>34233235Guizzardi, M., D.R.L. Caccioni and G.C. Pratella,1995Monilinia laxa (Aderh. et Ruhl.) honey to benzimidazoles and dicarboximides in postharvest stage.]]>1028690Hajieghrari, B., M. Torabi-Giglou, M.R. Mohammadi and M. Davari,2008Trichoderma isolates in the control of soil borne plant pathogenic fungi.]]>7967972Heungens, K. and J.L. Parke,2000Burkholderia cepacia AMMDR1 on two oomycete pathogens of pea (Pisum sativum L.).]]>6651925200Yang, Q.Y., K. Jia, W.Y. Geng, R.J. Guo and S.D. Li,2014Bacillus subtilis B006 through suppression of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum in rhizosphere.]]>13160166Pan, S., R. Mukherji and S. Bhagat,2013Trichoderma spp. against soil borne plant pathogens.]]>21197198Kumar, A., A. Prakash and B.N. Johri,2011Bacillus as PGPR in Crop Ecosystem.]]>2011pp: 37-59pp: 37-59Khan, M.R. and A.M. Anwer,2007Aspergillus niger aggregate and an assessment of their antagonism against Rhizoctonia solani.]]>46304315Pan, S. and S. Bhagat,2008Trichoderma spp. against some soil borne plant pathogens.]]>224349Siddiqui, I.A., S. Ehetshamul-Haque and S.S. Shaukat,2001149337346Zhao, P., C. Quan, Y. Wang, J. Wang and S. Fan,2014Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Q-426 as a potential biocontrol agent against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae.]]>54448456Sen, B., K. Mukherjee, C. Chattopadhyay, A.K. Patibanda and J. Sharma,1995Aspergillus niger, a potential biocontrol agent for soil-borne plant pathogens.]]>1995pp: 161Mondal, G., P. Dureja and B. Sen,2000Aspergillus niger AN27 related to plant growth promotion.]]>388487Dubey, S.C., R. Bhavani and B. Singh,2009Trichoderma harzianum and their evaluation for integrated management of dry root rot of mungbean (Vigna radiata).]]>50231242Waksman, S.A.,19227339341Sadasivam, S. and A. Macickam,19923rd Edn.,Arnon, D.I.,1949Beta vulgaris.]]>24115Hendry, G.A.F. and A.H. Price,19931993pp: 148-152pp: 148-152Dospehov, B.A.,1984Pages: 352Pages: 352Etebarian, H.R.,2006Streptomyces strains for biological control of charcoal stem rot of Melon caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. ]]>58387Hussain, S., A. Ghaffar and M. Aslam,1990Macrophomina phaseolina charcoal rot of sunflower and mung bean.]]>130157160Khan, M.R., M.A. Anwer and S. Shahid,2011Botrytis cinerea with bacterial and fungal biopesticides using different modes of inoculation and application.]]>571323Ayed, F., M. Daami-Remadi, F. Jabnoun-Khiareddine and M. El Mahjoub,2006Fusarium wilt in Tunisia: Incidence and biocontrol by Trichoderma sp.]]>59298Mohiddin, F.A., M.R. Khan, S.M. Khan and B.H. Bhat,2010Trichoderma is considered super hero (super fungus) against the evil parasites?]]>992102Reshu and M.M. Khan,2012Alternaria spp. causing leaf blight of mustard.]]>1119Choudhary, D.K. and B.N. Johri,2009Bacillus spp. and plants-with special reference to Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR).]]>164493513Hobley, L., A. Ostrowski, F.V. Rao, K.M. Bromley and M. Porter et al.,2013Bacillus subtilis biofilm.]]>1101360013605Javaid, A., L. Afzal, A. Bashir and A. Shoaib,2014In vitro screening of Trichoderma species against Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.]]>263943Guenoune, D., S. Galili, D.A. Phillips, H. Volpin, I. Chet, Y. Okon and Y. Kapulnik,2001Rhizoctonia solani is suppressed by colonization of the AM-Fungus Glomus intraradices.]]>160925932Chang, I.P. and T. Kommedahl,19685813951401Vinale, F., K. Sivasithamparam, E.L. Ghisalberti, R. Marra and M.J. Barbetti et al.,2008Trichoderma secondary metabolites in the interactions with plants.]]>728086Turner, J.T. and P.A. Backman,1991Bacillus subtilis.]]>75347353Bhattacharya, D., T.K. Dhar, K.A.I. Siddiqui and E. Ali,1994Macrophomina phaseolina is related to phaseolinone production.]]>77129133Sen, B.,200053243249Akrami, M., A.S. Ibrahimov, D.M. Zafari and E. Valizadeh,2009Fusarium rot of bean by combination of by Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma asperellum in greenhouse condition.]]>4121123Khan, M.R. and J. Gupta,1998Trichoderma species against Macrophomina phaseolina on eggplant.]]>105387393Harman, G.E., C.R. Howell, A. Viterbo, I. Chet and M. Lorito,2004Trichoderma species-opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts.]]>24356Weller, D.M. and L.S. Thomashow,19934306311El-Naggar, M., G.J. Kovics and E. Sandor L. Irinyi,2008Trichoderma reesei against Botrytis spp.]]>43141147Bruckner, H. and M. Przybylski,1984296263275Chet, I. and R.R. Baker,1981Trichoderma hamatum from soil naturally suppressive to Rhizoctonia solani.]]>71286290Khan, M.R., S. Majid, F.A. Mohiddin and N. Khan,201157130140Sarhan, E.A.D. and H.S. Shehata,2014Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. as biocontrol agents against damping-off in alfalfa.]]>13817Chaves‐Lopez, C., A. Serio, A. Gianotti, G. Sacchetti and M. Ndagijimana et al.,2015Bacillus volatile compounds and influence on fungal growth.]]>119487499Abeysinghe, S.,2009Bacillus subtilis CA32 and Trichoderma harzianum RU01 on biological control of Rhizoctonia solani on Solanum melongena and Capsicum annuum.]]>8916Vassilev, N., M. Vassileva and I. Nikolaeva,200671137144Dawar, S., S. Hayat, M. Anis and M.J. Zaki,20084012691278Khan, M.R., N. Khan and S.M. Khan,2001225051Choudhary, S.R. and S.S. Sindhu,2015Rhizoctonia solani root rot disease of clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) and plant growth promotion by rhizosphere bacteria.]]>144857Altomare, C., W.A. Norvell, T. Bjbrkman and G.E. Harman,1999Trichoderma harzianum Rifai 1295-22.]]>6529262933Srivastava, S.N., V. Singh and S.K. Awasthi,2006Trichoderma induced improvement in growth, yield and quality of sugarcane.]]>8166169El-Sherif, A.G., A.R. Refaei, M.E. El-Nagar and H.M.M. Salem,2007Meloidogyne incognita infecting eggplant by certain organic amendments, Bacillus thuringiensis and oxamyl with reference to N P K and Total chlorophyll status.]]>6147152Jeffries, P. and T.W.K. Young,1994Pages: 296Pages: 296R Development Core Team,20112011