Plant Pathology Journal1812-53871812-5425Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/ppj.2011.46.56Spiroplasma citri: A Wide Host Range Phytopathogen]]>NejatN. VadamalaiG. DickinsonM. 22011102Spiroplasmas are helical motile filamentous, wall-less and culturable mollicutes. Thirty six spiroplasma species have been identified. Only S. citri, S. kunkelii and S. phoeniceum have been identified as plant pathogens. Spiroplasma citri, the causal agent of citrus stubborn disease, have a wide host range. S. citri infects most citrus species and cultivars and a wide range of non-rutaceous plant species. Citrus srubborn disease widely distributed in the southwestern united states of America, northern Africa and Mediterranean countries. It is naturally transmitted by phloem-feeding leafhopper vectors. S. citri can be detected by grafting to citrus indicators, culturing on artificial media, serological, DNA probes, dot-immunobinding assay, Immunocapture Polymerase Chain Reaction (I C- PCR), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. There is genetic variability among isolates of S. citri.]]>Abalain-Colloc, M.L., C. Chastel, J.G. Tully, J.M. Bove, R.F. Whitcomb, B. Gilot and D.L. Williamson,1987Spiroplasma sabaudiense sp. nov. from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes collected in France.]]>37260265Abalain-Colloc, M.L., L. Rosen, J.G. Tully, J.M. Bove, C. Chastel and D.L. Williamson,1988Spiroplasma taiwanense sp. nov. from Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes collected in Taiwan.]]>38103107Adams, J.R., R.F. Whitcomb, J.G. Tully, E.A. Clark and D.L. 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Calavan,1974in vitro of the mycoplasma-like organism associated with citrus stubborn disease.]]>64346349Calavan, E.C.,19681968pp: 105117Calavan, E.C.,1979Spiroplasma citri.]]>1979pp: 6772Calavan, E.C.,19801980Calavan, E.C. and J.B. Carpenter,1965508687Calavan, E.C. and G.N. Oldfield,19791979pp: 37-64pp: 37-64Carle, P., D.L. Rose, J.G. Tully and J.M. Bove,19922263263Carle, P., C. Saillard and J.M. Bove,19831301308Carle, P., F. Laigret, J.G. Tully and J.M. Bove,199545178181Carle, P., R.F. Whitcomb, K.J. Hackett, J.G. Tully and D.L. Rose et al.,1997Spiroplasma diabroticae sp. nov., from the southern corn rootworm beetle Diabrotica undecimpunctata (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae).]]>477880Carle, P., C. Saillard, N. Carrere, S. Carrere and S. Duret et al.,2010Spiroplasma citri reveals extensive viral invasion and important gene decay.]]>7634203426Childs, J.F.L. and J.B. Carpenter,196044920927Chen, T.A. and C.H. Liao,197518810151017Citti, C., L. Marechal-Drouard, C. Saillard, J.H. Weil and J.M. Bove,1992Spiroplasma citri UGG and UGA tryptophan codons: Sequence of the two tryptophanyl-tRNAs and organization of the corresponding genes.]]>17464716478Clark, M.F., C.L. Flegg, M. Bar-Joseph and S. Rottem,1978Spiroplasma citri by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).]]>92332337Clark, T.B., R.F. Whitcomb, J.G. Tully, C. Mouches and C. Saillard et al.,1985Spiroplasma melliferum, a new species from the honeybee (Apis mellifera).]]>35296308Davis, R.E. and J.F. Worley,197363403408Davis, R.E., I.M. Lee and J.F. Worley,1981Spiroplasma floricola, a new species isolated from surfaces of flowers of the tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera L.]]>31456464Davis, R.E., R.F. Whitcomb, T.A. Chen and R.R. Granados,19721972pp: 205-225pp: 205-225Duret, S., N. Berho, J.L. Danet, M. Garnier and J. Renaudin,2003Spiroplasma citri by its leafhopper vector Circulifer haematoceps.]]>6962256234Fawcett, H.S., J.C. Perry and J.C. Johnston,194429146147Fletcher, J.,1983Spiroplasma citri.]]>73354357Fletcher, J.,1987Spiroplasm acitri.]]>53183184Fletcher, J., U. Melcher and A. Wayadande,20064905947Foissac, X., C. Saillard, J. Gandar, L. Zreik and J.M. Bove,1996S. citri is not due to differences in posttranslational palmitoylation.]]>17829342940French, F.E., R.F. Whitcomb, J.G. Tully, P. Carle and J.M. Bove et al.,1997Spiroplasma lineolae, sp. nov. from the horse fly Tabanus lineola (Diptera, Tabanidae).]]>4710781081Gasparich, G.E.,20027619640Gasparich, G.E.,201038193203Gasparich, G.E., R.F. Whitcomb, D. Dodge, F.E. French, J. Glass and D.L. Williamson,2004Spiroplasma and its nonhelical descendants: Phylogenetic classification, correlation with phenotype, and roots of the Mycoplasma mycoides clade.]]>54893918Gaurivaud, P., J.L. Danet, F. Laigret, M. Garnier and J.M. Bove,2000Spiroplasma citri.]]>1311451155Granett, A.L., R.L. Blue, M.K. Harjung, E.C. Calavan and D.J. 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Chen,1987Spiroplasma culicicola, sp. nov. a new species from the salt marsh mosquito Aedes sollicitans.]]>37365370Whitcomb, R.F.,1977Mycoplasmatales. Minutes of the interim meeting, 22 September 1976, London, United Kingdom.]]>27392394Kaloostian, G.H., G.N. Oldfield, H.D. Pierce and E.C. Calavan,1979Spiroplasma citri and Its Transmission to Citrus and Other Plants by Leafhoppers.]]>1979pp: 447-450pp: 447-450Kersting, U., H. Bagpinar, A. Cinar, C. Sengonca and N. Uygun,19931993pp: 336341Kersting, U., C. Sengonca and A. Cinar,1992Spiroplasma citri in non-citrus host plants and their associated leafhopper vectors in Southern Turkey.]]>408994Klein, M., P. Rasooly and B. Raccah,1988Spiroplasma citri, the citrus stubborn disease agent in Israel, by a beet leafhopper from the Jordan valley.]]>6817361737Konai, M., R.F. Whitcomb, F.E. French, J.G. Tully and D.L. 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Goodman,1983Spiroplasma citri by the aster leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Homoptera: Cicadellidae).]]>102311318Oldfield, G.N.,1988Spiroplasma citri with Insects, Plants and Other Plant Mycoplasmas in the Western United States.]]>1988pp: 175-191pp: 175-191Oldfield, G.N., G.H. Kaloostian, H.D. Pierce, E.C. Calavan, A.L. Granett and R.L. Blue,1976301515Oldfield, G.N., G.H. Kaloostian, H.D. Pierce, E.C. Calavan and A.L. Granett et al.,1977Spiroplasma citri from citrus to citrus by Scaphytopius nitrides.]]>67763765Omar, A.F., K. Sijam, I. Sulaiman, H. Hashim and O.H.M. El-Banna,2006Spiroplasma citri by crossed immunoelectrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell proteins.]]>58891Rangel, B., R.R. Krueger and R.F. Lee,2005Spiroplasma citri in California.]]>2005pp: 439441Renaudin, J., M.C. Pascarel, C. Saillard, C. Chevalier and J.M. Bove,1986303539540Saillard, C., C. Barthe, J. Renaudin, J.M. Bove and P. Moreno,1993Spiroplasma citri by culture, ELISA, dot-blot hybridization, PCR and immuno-capture PCR: An evaluation.]]>1993pp: 467467Saillard, C., A. Nhami, P. Moreno, M. Garnier and J.M. Bove,1996Spiroplasma citri detection by immuno-capture PCR.]]>1996pp: 413413Saillard, C., J.C. Vignault, J.M. Bove, A. Raie and J.G. Tully et al.,1987Spiroplasma phoeniceum sp. nov., a new plant-pathogenic species from Syria.]]>37106115Salehi, M. and K. Izadpanah,2002Spiroplasma citri.]]>2002pp: 401401Stamburski, C., J. Renaudin and J.M. Bove,1992Spiroplasma citi.]]>110133134Stevens, C., A.Y. Tang, E. Jenkins, R.L. Goins and J.G. Tully et al.,1997Spiroplasma lampyridicola sp. nov., from the firefly beetle Photuris pennsylvanicus.]]>47709712Towsend, R., P.G. Markham and K.A. Plaskitt,1977Spiroplasma citri in the leafhopper Euscelis plebejus.]]>87307313Tully, J.G., D.L. Rose, E. Clark, P. Carle and J.M. Bove et al.,1987Spiroplasma (Class Mollicutes), with proposed new groups XII to XXIII.]]>37357364Tully, J.G., D.L. Rose, C.E. Yunker, P. Carle, J.M. Bove, D.L. Williamson and R.F. Whitcomb,1995Spiroplasma ixodetis sp. nov., a new species from Ixodes pacificus ticks collected in Oregon.]]>452328Tully, J.G., R.F. Whitcomb, D.L. Rose and J.M. Bove,1982Spiroplasma mirum, a new species from rabbit ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris).]]>3292100Tully, J.G., R.F. Whitcomb, J.M. Bove and P. Saglio,1973182827829Wang, W., W. Gu, G.E. Gasparich, K. Bi and J. Ou et al.,2010Spiroplasma eriocheiris sp. nov., a novel species associated with mortalities in Eriocheir sinensis, Chinese mitten crab.]]>2010Whitcomb, R.F.,19831983pp: 147-159pp: 147-159Whitcomb, R.F. and J.G. Tully,19824S148S153Whitcomb, R.F., J.G. Tully, D.L. Rose, P. Carle and J.M. Bove et al.,1993Spiroplasma monobiae sp. nov. from the vespid wasp Monobia quadridens (Hymenoptera: Vespidae).]]>43256260Whitcomb, R.F, J.M. Bove, T.A. Chen, J.G. Tully and D.L. Williamson,1987Spiroplasma (class Mollicutes).]]>378284Whitcomb, R.F., F.E. French, J.G. Tully, G.E. Gasparich and D.L. Rose et al.,1997Spiroplasma chrysopicola sp. nov., Spiroplasma gladiatoris sp. nov., Spiroplasma helicoides sp. nov. and Spiroplasma tabanidicola sp. nov., from tabanid (Diptera: Tananidae) flies.]]>47713719Whitcomb, R.F., C. Chastel, M. Abalain-Colloc, C. Stevens and J.G. Tully et al.,1993Spiroplasma cantharicola sp. nov., from cantharid beetles (Coleoptera: Cantharidae).]]>43421424Whitcomb, R.F., T.A. Chen, D.L. Williamson, C. Liao and J.G. Tully et al.,1986Spiroplasma kunkelii sp. nov., characterization of the etiological agent of corn stunt disease.]]>36170178Whitcomb, R.F., F.E. French, J.G. Tully, D.L. Rose and P.M. Carle et al.,1997Spiroplasma montanense sp. nov., from Hybomitra horse flies at northern latitudes in North America.]]>47720723Whitcomb, R.F., G.E. Gasparich, F.E. French, J.G. Tully and D.L. Rose et al.,1996Spiroplasma syrphidicola, sp. nov., from a syrphid (Diptera, Syrphidae) fly.]]>46797801Whitcomb, R.F., J.C. Vignault, J.G. Tully, D.L. Rose and P. Carle et al.,1993Spiroplasma clarkii sp. nov., a new species from the green June beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).]]>43261265Whiteside, J.O., S.M. Garnsey and L.W. Timmer,1988pp: 80pp: 80Williamson, D.L. and R.F. Whitcomb,197518810181020Williamson, D.L., J.R. Adams, R.F. Whitcomb, J.G. Tully and P. Carle et al.,1997Spiroplasma platyhelix sp. nov., a new mollicute with unusual morphology and genome size from the dragonfly Pachydiplax longipennis.]]>47763766Williamson, D.L., J.G. Tully, L. Rosen, D.L. Rose and R.F. Whitcomb et al.,1996Spiroplasma diminutum sp. nov. from Culex annulus mosquitoes collected in Taiwan.]]>46229233Williamson, D.L., B. Sakaguchi, K.J. Hackett, R.F. Whitcomb and J.G. Tully et al.,1999Spiroplasma poulsonii sp. nov., a new species associated with male-lethality in Drosophila willistoni, a neotropical species of fruit fly.]]>49611618Williamson, D.L, R.F. Whitcomb, J.G. Tully, G.E. Gasparich and D.L. Rose et al.,1998Spiroplasma.]]>48112Williamson, D.L., G.E. Gasparich, L.B. Regassa, C. Saillard, J. Renaudin, J.M. Bove and R.F. Whitcomb,20102010pp: 338-370pp: 338-370Yokomi, R.K., A.F.S. Mello, M. Saponari and J. Fletcher,2008Spiroplasma citri associated with citrus stubborn disease.]]>92253260Lin, C.P. and T.A. Chen,1985Spiroplasma citri.]]>75848851Hackett, K.J., R.F. Whitcomb, T.B. Clark, R.B. Henegar and D.E. Lynn et al.,1996Spiroplasma leptinotarsae sp. nov., a mollicute uniquely adapted to its host, the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae).]]>46906911Nunan, L.M., D.V. Lightner, M.A. Oduori and G.E. Gasparich,2005Spiroplasma penaei sp. nov., associated with mortalities in Penaeus vannamei, Pacific white shrimp.]]>5523172322Nur, I., J.M. Bove, C. Saillard, S. Rottem, R.M. Whitcomb and S. Razin,198635157162Oldfield, G.N. and E.C. Calavan,1980Spiroplasma citri: Non-Rutaceous Hosts.]]>1980El-Banna, O.H.M., A. Zeid, A.A. Fawzya, I. Moursy and A.G. Farag,2005Spiroplasma citri.]]>11313Saglio, P., D. Lafleche, D.C. Bonisol and J.M. Bove,1971in vitro mycoplasma associated with the stubborn of citrus fruits and their observation in electronic microscope.]]>27213871390Saglio, P., M.L. Hospital, D. Lafleche, G. Dupont, J.M. Bove, J.G. Tully and E.A. Freundt,1973Spiroplasma citri gen. and sp. n.: A mycoplasma-like organism associated with stubborn disease of citrus.]]>23191204Saillard, C., O. Garcia-Jurado, J.M. Bove, J.C. Vignault and G. Moutous et al.,1980Spiroplasma citri in plants and insects.]]>1980pp: 145152