Plant Pathology Journal1812-53871812-5425Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/ppj.2008.104.108Alternaria helianthi on Multiple-Seeded Cocklebur]]>SanyalD. BhowmikP.C. AbbasH.K. 1200871Multiple-seeded cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) is a biotype which has different morphology and higher seedling production ability than common cocklebur. Greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the bioherbicidal activity of Alternaria helianthi (Hansf.) Tubaki and Nishih. on multiple-seeded cocklebur as affected by various rates of Tenkoz COC® (crop oil concentrate), Activator 90® (non-ionic surfactant), BAS 9050 0 S® (methylated oil), Silwet L-77® (organosilicone surfactant) and Top film® (natural based surfactant). Taking X as the recommended rate for each surfactant, 0-X, ¼-X, ½-X, X and 2-X rates were used for each of the surfactants. Surfactants were added to the conidial suspension of A. helianthi. Each surfactant rate was also applied with sterile water without any A. helianthi spore. Treated plants were kept in the dew chamber for 6 h before transferring to the greenhouse. At the end of the experiment (two weeks after treatment), plant shoots were clipped at the soil surface and the fresh weights were determined. Alternaria helianthi resulted in significant reduction in fresh weight of multiple-seeded cocklebur as compared to the plants treated without the fungus. Among five surfactants, Activator 90® and Silwet L-77® had significant effects on the bioherbicidal activity of A. helianthi in reducing fresh weight of multiple-seeded cocklebur. Fresh weight decreased with increase in surfactant rates. Our data demonstrate that A. helianthi control multiple-seeded cocklebur more with higher rates of Activator 90® and Silwet L-77®.]]>Abbas, H.K. and W.L. Barrentine,1995Alternaria helianthi and imazaquin for control of imazaquin susceptible and resistant cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) biotypes.]]>43425428Abbas, H.K., B.J. Johnson and G.H. Egley,1996Alternaria Helianthi.]]>1996Abbas, H.K. and G.H. Egley,1996Alternaria helianthi.]]>6531538Abbas, H.K., D.J. Pantone and R.N. Paul,1999Xanthium strumarium L.).]]>13257263Abbas, H.K., B.J. Johnson, D.J. Pantone and R. Hines,2004Xanthium strumarium) in comparison with several other cocklebur types.]]>14855860Allen, S.J., J.F. Brown and J.K. Kochman,1983Alternaria helianthi on sunflower.]]>102413419Babu, R.M., A. Sajeena and K. Seetharaman,2003Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler as a bioherbicide to control waterhyacinth and other aquatic weeds.]]>2210051013Barrentine, W.L.,197422600603Barrentine, W.L.,1994Xanthium strumarium) biotype is resistant to the imidazolinone herbicides.]]>47158158Bloomberg, J.R., B.L. Kirkpatrick and L.M. Wax,1982Xanthium pensylvanicum) with Soybean (Glycine max).]]>30507513Boyette, C.D., P.C. Quimby Jr., A.J. Caesar, J.L. Birdsall and W.J. Connick Jr. et al.,199610637644Boyette, C.D., H.L. Walker and H.K. Abbas,2002Pueraria lobata) with an isolate of Myrothecium verrucaria.]]>127582Buchanan, G.A. and E.R. Burns,197119580582Byrd, Jr. J.D. and H.D. Coble,1991Xanthium strumarium) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).]]>5270278Connick, J.W.J., J.A. Lewis and P.C. Quimby Jr.,19901990pp: 345-372pp: 345-372Daigle, D.J. and W.J. Connick Jr.,19901990Green, S., S.M. Stewart-Wade, G.H. Boland, M.P. Teshler and S.H. Liu,19981998Haigler, W.E., B.J. Gossett, J.R. Harris and J.E. Toler,1988Xanthium strumarium) to the organic arsenical herbicides.]]>362427Haigler, W.E., B.J. Gossett, J.R. Harris and J.E. Toler,1994Xanthium strumarium) biotypes under noncompetitive conditions.]]>8154158Quimby, Jr. P.C.J.,1989Xanthium strumarium) to Alternaria helianthi.]]>3177181Royal, S.S., B.J. Brecke and D.L. Colvin,1997Xanthium strumarium) interference with peanut (Arachis hypogaea).]]>453843Rushing, G.S. and L.R. Oliver,1998Xanthium strumarium) interference in early-maturing soybean (Glycine max).]]>4699104SAS,1999pp: 1030pp: 1030Snipes, C.E., G.A. Buchanan, J.E. Street and J.A. McGuire,1982Xanthium pennsylvanicum) with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).]]>30553556Walker, H.L. and A.M. Tilley,1997Myrothecium verrucariafrom sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) as a potential mycoherbicide agent.]]>10104112Watson, A.K. and L.A. Wymore,19901990Zidack, N.K., P.A. Backman and J.J. Shaw,19922111117