Pakistan Journal of Nutrition1680-51941994-7984Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/pjn.2018.214.218in vitro Antimicrobial Effect of Orange (Citrus sinensis) Ethyl Acetate Extract Silage]]>HaroenUcop BudiansyahAgus Nelwida 52018175Background and Objective: Secondary metabolites are complex compounds. Many citrus fruits contain such compounds in the skin, seeds and pulp that act as phytochemicals with bacterial growth-inhibiting, anti-fungal and anti-cancer activities. This study was designed to identify phytochemical compounds in ethyl acetate extracts of orange and assess their antibacterial activities. Methodology: An ethyl acetate extract of orange silage (EAEOS) at 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm was fermented for 28 days. Treatments were replicated four times. The samples were placed in a jar serving as a silo under anaerobic conditions. At the end of fermentation, phytochemical screening was performed. Data were analysed using analysis of variance under a completely randomized design. Results: The EAEOS contains alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, triterpenoid, phenolic, saponin and coumarin compounds. The antibacterial activity of EAEOS was assessed using disc and MIC (minimum inhibition concentration) methods with Escherichia coli (E. coli ), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Salmonella typhi (S. typhi ) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). The extract inhibited the growth of all test organisms, with zones of inhibition ranging from 9.75±0.00 to 16.75±0.14 mm (E. coli ), 8.00±0.23 to 12.50±0.24 mm (S. aureus), 8.50±0.24 to 11.75±0.00 mm (S. typhi ) and 7.75±0.11 to 11.75±0.12 mm (B. subtilis). The MICs were 38.72±0.23 to 59.54±0.23% (E. coli ), 15.08±0.54 to 23.25±0.59% (S. aureus), 10.46±0.12 to 19.65±0.02% (S. typhi ) and 9.64±0.45 to 11.28±0.44% (B. subtilis). Conclusion: The tested EAEOS compounds exhibited inhibitory activities against both gram-positive (S. aureus, B. subtilis) and gram-negative (E. coli and S. typhi ) bacteria.]]>Ozaki, Y., S. Ayano, N. Inaba, M. Miyake, M.A. Berhow and S. Hasegawa,1995Chus unshiu Marcov.).]]>60186189Miller, E.G., J.J. Peacock, T.C. Bourland, S.E. Taylor, J.M. Wright, B.S. Patil and E.G. Miller,2007606974Haroen, U., Y. Marlida, Mirzah and A. Budianyah,201312730735Wing, J.M.,20032003Roy, A. and S. Saraf,200629191201Miller, E.G., R. Fanous, F. Rivera-Hidalgo, W.H. Binnie, S. Hasegawa and L.K.T. Lam,19891015351537Si, W., J. Gong, R. Tsao, T. Zohou and H. Yu et al.,2006100296305Oluremi, O.I.A., A.D. Igyu and F.F. Abu,2005Citrus sinensis) rind.]]>1130136Oluremi, O.I.A., V.O. Ojighen and E.H. Ejembi,2006Citrus sinensis) rind in broiler production.]]>5613617Oluremi, O.I.A., F.N. Okafor, A.Y. Adenkola and K.T. Orayaga,2010itrus sinensis) fruit peel on its phytonutrients and the performance of broiler starter.]]>9546549Bampidis, V.A. and P.H. Robinson,2006128175217Agu, P.N., O.I.A. Oluremi and C.D. Tuleun,2010Citrus sinensis) fruit peel as a feed resource in broiler production.]]>9684688Haroen, U., Y. Marlida, Mirzah and A. Budianyah,2016Citrus sinensis) waste juice extracts on broiler chickens performance.]]>15446449Ebrahimi, A., A.A.A. Qotbi, A. Seidavi, V. Laudadio and V. Tufarelli,2013Citrus sinensis) peel on broiler chickens growth performance.]]>561117Arbain, D.,19951995Steel, R.G.D. and H.J. Torrie,19973rd Edn.,Kumar, K.A., M. Narayani, A. Subanthini and M. Jayakumar,2011354145421Markham, K.R.,1988Perrin, D.D., W.I.F. Armego and D.R. Perrin,19802nd Edn.,pp: 57-63pp: 57-63Long, H.H., N. Furuya, D. Kurose, M. Takeshita and Y. Takanami,2003Solanum sp. and their antibacterial activity against plant pathogenic bacteria.]]>482128Harborne, J.B. and A.J. Harborne,1998Fu, S.H., M.H. Yang, H.M. Wen and J.C. Chern,2005134350Ekwenye, U.N. and O.V. Edeha,2010Citrus sinensis (Sweet orange).]]>1742750Kirbaslar, F.G., A. Tavman, B. Dulger and G. Turker,2009Citrus peel oils.]]>4132073212Singh, A., A.R. Bilal and A. Devgun,2009In vitro antibiotic activity of isolated volatile oil of Citrus sinensis.]]>714Garau, M.C., S. Simal, C. Rossello and A. Femenia,2007Citrus aurantium v. Canoneta) by-products.]]>10410141024