Pakistan Journal of Nutrition1680-51941994-7984Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/pjn.2017.426.434Khalil Reswati Ferawati KurniaY.F. AgustinF. 62017166Background and Objective: Bone meal and bone char produced from inedible cow bones could be an alternative renewable and low-cost dietary Phosphorous (P) source in poultry diets. This study aimed to evaluate the physical characteristics, mineral composition and nutritive value of bone meal and bone char meal produced from inedible cow bones derived from different body parts of the animal. Materials and Methods: A field survey was carried out to collect data on inedible bones taken from 30 slaughtered cows at sites involved in three meat processing steps: Slaughter house, local meat shops and beef offal processors. Samples of inedible bones grouped into three body parts: Head, ribs and legs were collected and processed into bone meal and bone char meal by soaking in lime water and open-air burning, respectively. The nutritive values of the bone meals were also evaluated by mixing 3% bone meal and bone char with a basal diet that was fed to 150 laying quails. Parameters measured included: Inedible bone weight, percentage of meal yield, content of crude ash and minerals (Ca, P, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu), physical properties and particle size distribution, egg production, egg shell quality, digestibility and tibia bone mass and mineralization. Results: Present study showed that on average inedible bones represented 13.8 kg/animal or 3.4% b.wt., that could be used to produce bone meal. Percentage of meal yield for bone meal (91.4%) was significantly higher (p<0.01) than bone char processed by open-air burning (67.3%). However, crude ash, Ca and P content of bone char meal were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that for bone meal. Bone char produced a higher response angle due to a higher percentage of small-sized particles (p<0.05). There was no significant effect of bone origin (i.e., head, rib and leg) on meal yields, mineral composition or particle sizes. Supplementation of diets with bone char yielded better quail egg shell quality, mineral digestibility and bone weight than that for bone meal. Conclusion: Production of bone char meal by open-air burning gave lower meal yield but higher essential mineral concentrations and better nutritive values than that of bone meal.]]>Khalil,200393541, (In Indonesian)Khalil and S. Anwar,2007301825, (In Indonesian)Khalil,2004103542, (In Indonesian)Khalil,2006C. molktiana) and snail (Lymnae sp) shells as calcium sources.]]>29169175, (In Indonesian)Khalil,2007125359, (In Indonesian)Khalil and S. Awar,200934174180Weaver, C.M. and R.P. Heaney,19991999pp: 141-155pp: 141-155Kanakov, D.T., P.I. Petkov and K.T. Stojanchev,200575243252Li, X., D. Zhang, T.Y. Yang and W.L. Bryden,20162016Coon, C., K. Leske and S. Seo,20022002pp: 151-179pp: 151-179Moreno-Pirajan, J.C., L. Giraldo and V.S. Garcia-Cuello,20113176181Kling, M. und W. Wohlbier,1983The Province Livestock Services,20132013Jayathilakan, K., K. Sultana, K. Radhakrishna and A.S. Bawa,201249278293Russ, W. and R. Meyer-Pittroff,2004445762Sobczak, A., Z. Kowalski and Z. Wzorek,2009112328Lurtwitayapont, S. and T. Srisatit,201033238Miller, W.C. and E.D.S. Robertson,19597th Edn.,McNitt, J.I.,1983AOAC,200516th Edn.,AAS.,1980Ruttloff, C.,1981Pages: 618Pages: 618NRC.,19949th Edn.,Pages: 176Pages: 176Steel, R., J. Torrie and D. Dickey,19993rd Edn.,Hasan, F.M.M., N.M. Hossain, S. Akhter and M.H. Rahaman,200433110Dahi, E.,2015482936Mwaniki, D.L.,19927113101315Phantumvanit, P., M. Ujjin, R.Z. LeGeros, J. Wong and J.P. LeGeros,199170227227Klock, K.A. and H.G. Taber,19966257260Warren, G.P., J.S. Robinson and E. Someus,200984167178Rocha, S.D.F., M.V. Ribeiro, A.L.A. Santos, L. Silva and R.P. Borba,20132013Gulyas, M., M. Fuchs, I. Kocsis and G. Fuleky,201462432Rugayah, N., Muladno, N. Henny and Salundik,201413591596Chojnacka, K.,200559315320Banat, F., S. Al-Asheh and F. Mohai,200021155164Al-Asheh, S., N. Abdel-Jabar and F. Banat,20026221227Mohammed, A., A.A. Aboje, M. Auta and M. Jibril,2012330893096