Pakistan Journal of Nutrition1680-51941994-7984Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/pjn.2016.921.928p-Aminobenzoic Acid-chitosan Conjugates for PABA Delivery to the Large Intestine]]>NalinbenjapunSirinporn OvatlarnpornChitchamai 1020161510Background: The p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is an essential nutrient and important substrate for folic biosynthesis in human. The PABA deficiency can cause many symptoms and diseases which may related to folic acid insufficiency. In this study, chitosans with three different molecular weights (30, 80 and 300 kDa) were selected as a macromolecule carrier for the attachment of PABA for pharmaceutical and nutritional applications. Materials and Methods: The first step, amino groups of chitosan were substituted by p-nitrobenzoyl moiety resulting in p-nitrobenzoyl-chitosans (1a-c). The PABA-chitosan conjugates (2a-c) were finally obtained by sodium dithionite reduction process. They were characterized for their functional groups by FT-IR and PABA loading capacity by HPLC. Results: The products of the first step (1a-c) were obtained in good yields (82.49-90.67%) with high purity. The PABA-chitosan conjugates (2a-c) were achieved from the second step also in high yields (82.26-91.86%) and purity. The FT-IR results of 2a-c displayed the C=O stretching, amide II deformation of N-H group and the C-O stretching at 1632.58-1638.00, 1550.08-1559.93 and 1036.58-1040.09 cm1, respectively. The HPLC results demonstrated that PABA can be loaded onto chitosan in a range of 11.07-23.02% according to the MW of chitosans. Conclusion: These PABA-chitosan conjugates are suitable to delivery PABA to the large intestine and colon where the biodegradation process of chitosan and the cleavage of the attached PABA occur. The released PABA can be utilized as a substrate for folic acid synthesis and for the treatment of PABA deficiency syndrome.]]>Gientka, I., K. Gut and W. Duszkiewicz-Reinhard,2009p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in modeling selected properties of bakery yeast.]]>84151Mackie, B.S. and L.E. Mackie,1999405153Chang, T.Y. and M.L. Hu,1996para-aminobenzoic acid fed to rats in drinking water.]]>7408413Basset, G.J.C., E.P. Quinlivan, S. Ravanel, F. Rebeille and B.P. Nichols et al.,2004p-aminobenzoate branch is initiated by a bifunctional PabA-PabB protein that is targeted to plastids.]]>10114961501Pompei, A., L. Cordisco, A. Amaretti, S. Zanoni, D. Matteuzzi and M. Rossi,200773179185D'Aimmo, M.R., M. Modesto, P. Mattarelli, B. Biavati and T. Andlid,201430169177Saini, R.K., S.H. Nile and Y.S. Keum,20162016Gisvold, O., J.N. Delgado and W.A. Remers,199810th Edn.,Pages: 974Pages: 974Weber, F., U. Gloor, J. Wursch and O. Wiss,196414186188Shive, W., W.W. Ackermann, M. Gordon, M.E. Getzendaner and R.E. Eakin,194769725726Akberova, S.I.,2002p-aminobenzoic acid.]]>29390393Akberova, S.I., E.B. Tazulakhova, P.I. Musaev-Galbinur, N.A. Leont'eva and O.G. Stroeva,1999Para-aminobenzoic acid-An interferon inducer].]]>441720, (In Russian)Akberova, S.I., P.I. Musaev, N.M. Magomedov, K.B. Babaev, K.M. Gakhramanov and O.G. Stroeva,1998Para-aminobenzoic acid as an antioxidant].]]>361419421, (In Russian)Stroeva, O.G., S.I. Akberova, N.N. Drozd, V.A. Makarov, N.T. Miftakhova and S.S. Kalugin,1999para-aminobenzoic acid in experimental thrombosis].]]>3329336, (In Russian)Sharon, M.,20093rd Edn.,Birgir,20152015Yamamoto, A., T. Sakane, M. Shibukawa, M. Hashida and H. Sezaki,1991p-aminobenzoic acid and its Isomer, m-aminobenzoic acid, from the rat small intestine.]]>8010671071Khandare, J. and T. Minko,200631359397Canevari, M., I. Castagliuolo, P. Brun, M. Cardin, M. Schiavon, G. Pasut and F.M. Veronese,2009368171177Wiwattanapatapee, R., L. Lomlim and K. Saramunee,20038819Zou, M., H. Okamoto, G. Cheng, X. Hao, J. Sun, F. Cui and K. Danjo,200559155160Khan, K.U.R. and C. Ovatlarnporn,2016p-aminobenzoyl hydroxypropyl cellulose.]]>15725728Hejazi, R. and M. Amiji,200389151165Dhananjeyan, M.R., J.A. Trendel, C. Bykowski, J.G. Sarver, H. Ando and P.W. Erhardt,2008para-aminobenzoic acid from human and rat liver tissue extracts.]]>867247252Martins, A.O., E.L. da Silva, E. Carasek, N.S. Goncalves, M.C.M. Laranjeira and V.T. de Favere,2004521157162Khan, K.U.R., S. Nalinbenjapun, N. Sakorn and C. Ovatlarnporn,2015p-Nitrobenzoyl hydroxypropyl cellulose.]]>2718751878Chang, S., B. Condon and J.V. Edwards,20101111011105El Hamdaoui, L., M. El Moussaouiti and S. Gmouh,20162016Talaba, P., I. Srokova, P. Hodul and A. Ebringerova,199650365368Wang, J., Z. Lian, H. Wang, X. Jin and Y. Liu,201212332423247Wang, J. and H. Wang,201148523529Kean, T. and M. Thanou,20112011pp: 292-318pp: 292-318Aiba, S.I.,1992N-acetylated chitosans.]]>14225228Halim, A.S., L.C. Keong, I. Zainol and A.H.A. Rashid,20122012pp: 57-73pp: 57-73Vernazza, C.L., G.R. Gibson and R.A. Rastall,2005In vitro fermentation of chitosan derivatives by mixed cultures of human faecal bacteria.]]>60539545Kean, T. and M. Thanou,201062311