Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences1028-88801812-5735Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/pjbs.2021.282.291Apis mellifera L. Hypopharyngeal Gland using Hyphaene thebaica Ethanolic Extract as Supplement]]>S. SaklaRasha M. SabryHend El-GendyRehab M. 22021242Background and Objective: Hypopharyngeal gland (HPG) of Apis mellifera L. honey bee workerssecrete the main proteinaceous substances, the royal jelly which acts a vital role in brood care by young workers and thus colony growth. Many factors may affect the development and function of the hypopharyngeal gland and consequently their role within the beehive. Materials and Methods: Hyphaene thebaica fruit powder (500 g) was soaked in one litter of 70% ethanol for 3 days at room temperature, then filtered and concentrated to dryness with a rotary evaporator. Bioactive compounds and biological activity of doum ethanolic extract were characterized to measure the extent of safety. Samples of workers bee feeding with the extract concentrations (0.5 and 1%) at 6, 10 and 14 days were examined for head weight, body weight, soluble protein content, DNA fragmentation and hypopharyngeal glands histology, the data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's least significant difference. Results: Ethanolic doum extract contains flavonoids (45.62 mg g1) and phenolic (27.24 mg g1) compounds, also possess antioxidant (147 μg mL1), anti-inflammatory (119.8 μg mL1) and antimicrobial activities. There was an elevation in soluble protein content and no DNA damage in the honey bee worker's genome after fourteen days of feeding. The histological studies exhibited no deformation in the structure of gland acini and an increase in gland size was detected. Conclusion: Ethanolic doum extract in the bee diet has a role in HPG enhancement. Studies on its safety profile and biological activities make it a good choice to attenuate honey bee diseases inside bee colonies.]]>Scarselli, R., E. Donadio, M.G. Giuffrida, D. Fortunato and A. Conti et al.,20055769776Malone, L.A., J.H. Todd, E.P.J. Burgess and J.T. Christeller,200435655664Al-Ghamdi, A.A., A.M. Al-Khaibari and M.O. Omar,201118113116Sasagawa, H., M. Sasaki and I. Okada,1989Apis mellifera L.). I. Effect of methoprene on corpora allata and hypopharyngeal gland and its α-glucosidase activity.]]>246677Hrassnigg, N. and K. Crailsheim,1998Apis mellifera L.).]]>44929939Huang, Z.Y., G.W. Otis and P.E.A. Teal,1989Apis mellifera (Apidae: Hymenoptera).]]>20455464Fikadu, Z.,202040473481Radakovic, M., J. Stevanovic, N. Djelic, N. Lakic, J. Knezevic-Vukcevic, B. Vukovic-Gacic and Z. Stanimirovic,2013385362Heylen, K., B. Gobin, L. Arckens, R. Huybrechts and J. Billen,2011Apis mellifera.]]>42103116Shehu, B.B., H. Zanna and M.A. Tukur, 2017Hyphaene thebaica (L.) mart on some heamatological parameters and organ histology in rats.]]>20203207Aboshora, W., Z. Lianfu, M. Dahir, M.A.A. Gasmalla, A. Musa, E. Omer and M. Thapa,2014Hyphaene thebaica).]]>2180186Quettier-Deleu, C., B. Gressier, J. Vasseur, T. Dine and C. Brunet et al.,2000Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls and flour.]]>723542Singleton, V.L., R. Orthofer and R.M. Lamuela-Raventos,19991999pp: 152-178pp: 152-178Sreevidja, N. and S. Mehrotra,20038611241127Parvin, M.S., N. Das, N. Jahan, M.A. Akhter, L. Nahar and M.E. Islam,2015in vitro anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential of Crescentia cujete leaves and stem bark.]]>2015Yen, G.C. and P.D. Duh,199442629632Holder, I.A. and S.T. Boyce,199420426429Bradford, M.M.,197672248254Bortner, C.D., N.B.E. Oldenburg and J.A. Cidlowski,199552126Phillips, A.J. and C. Simon,199588281283GelAnalyzer,20102010CoStat Statistical Software,20052005Rahman, S., I. Thangkhiew and S.R. Hajong,2014Apis cerana indica (Fab.).]]>585970Babiker, H.A.M. and H.M.M. Makki,2013Hyphaene thebaica) and their suitability for production of Ready-to-Use concentrated drink.]]>2013Brodschneider, R., U. Riessberger-Gallé and K. Crailsheim2009Apis mellifera).]]>40441449Mohamed, A.A., A.A. Khalil and H.E.S. El-Beltagi,2010Anastatica hierochuntica) and doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica).]]>616775Aboshora, W., Z. Lianfu, M. Dahir, M. Qingran and S. Qingrui et al.,2015Hyphaene thebaica L. Mart (Arecaceae) (doum) fruit and its antioxidant and antibacterial activities.]]>1320572063Asami, D.K., Y.J. Hong, D.M. Barrett and A.E. Mitchell,20035112371241Deseyn, J. and J. Billen,2005Apis mellifera workers (Hymenoptera, Apidae).]]>364957Suwannapong, G., S. Maksong, P. Seanbualuang and M.E. Benbow,2010Apis florea, with Nosema ceranae.]]>13361364Auwal, M.S., K.A. Sanda, I.A. Mairiga, F.A. Lawan and A.A. Mutah et al.,2013Hyphaene thebaica (doumpalm) in wistar albino rats.]]>81423El-Halafawy, N.A., T.R. Amin and I.M. Haiba,2001Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).]]>4983985Škerl, M.I.S. and A. Gregorc,2015Apis mellifera carnica) from a nurse colony. ]]>526774Fagan, W.F., E. Siemann, C. Mitter, R.F. Denno, A.F. Huberty, H.A. Woods and J.J. Elser,2002160784802Gharb, L.A. and L.Z. Fadhel,2018Hyphaene thebaica) fruits.]]>133033Hsu, B., I.M. Coupar and K. Ng,2006Hyphaene thebaica.]]>98317328Abdel-Raman, N.A.G.,2019Hyphaene thebaica (Doum): Distribution, composition and utilization.]]>2019pp: 427-434pp: 427-434El-Beltagi, H.S. and M.H. Badawi,2013Rosmarinus officinalis L.) from Egypt.]]>41126135Iweala, E.E.J., F.F. Liu, R.R. Cheng, Yan Li, C.A. Omonhinmin and Y.J. Zhang,2015in vitro. ]]>114151Lopez, D.H., M.L. Martin, M.A. Noguera-Salva, S. Teres, G.B. Coblijn, P.V. Escriba and X. Busquets,20102010Farag, M.A. and P.W. Pare,2013Hyphaene thebaica L. fruit.]]>78C1503C1508Dosumu, O.O., F.O. Nwosu and C.D. Nwogu,2006Hypaene thebaica (Linn.) mart fruits.]]>1186189El-Sohaimy, A.A., S.H.D. Masry, M.G. Shehata, S.N. Al-Kahtani, T.E. Abdelwahab, Y.A.T. Abdelmotaleb and M.E. Nour202023467477