Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences1028-88801812-5735Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/pjbs.2018.135.150Nouri RouzbahaniFatemeh ShirkhodaMohammad MemariFeridon DanaHassan Mahmoodi ChalbataniGhanbar MahmoodzadehHabibollah SamarghandiNasim GharagozlouElahe Mohammadi HadlooMohammad Hosein MalekiAli Reza SadeghianEhsan NiaElhamZainali NiaNedazainali HadjilooeiFarimah RezaeianOmid MeghdadiSaeed MiriSeyedRohollah JafariFatameh RayzanElham MarmariVahid 32018213Cancer is a major burden of disease worldwide with considerable impact on society. The tide of immunotherapy has finally changed after decades of disappointing results and has become a clinically validated treatment for many cancers. Immunotherapy takes many forms in cancer treatment, including the adoptive transfer of ex vivo activated T cells, oncolytic viruses, natural killer cells, cancer vaccines and administration of antibodies or recombinant proteins that either costimulate cells or block the so-called immune checkpoint pathways. Recently, cancer immunotherapy has received a high degree of attention, which mainly contains the treatments for programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), programmed death 1 (PD-1), chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). Here, this paper reviewed the current understandings of the main strategies in cancer immunotherapy (adoptive cellular immunotherapy, immune checkpoint blockade, oncolytic viruses and cancer vaccines) and discuss the progress in the synergistic design of immune-targeting combination therapies.]]>Dana, H., A. Mazraeh, G.M. Chalbatani, V. Marmari and H. Mahmoodzadeh et al.,2017E. coli BL21 (DE3).]]>2017Marmari, V., H. Mahmoodzadeh, H. Dana, G.M. Chalbatani and A. Mazraeh et al.,2017In silico analysis, cloning and expression of recombinant CD166 in E. coli BL21 (DE3) as a marker for detection and treatment of colorectal cancer.]]>2017Dana, H., G. Mahmoodi, V. Marmari, A. Mazraeh and M. Ebrahimi,20162016Dana, H., V. Marmari, A. Mazraeh, A. Ghamari and M.M. Forghanifard,20172017Dana, H., V. Marmari, G. Mahmoodi, H. Mahmoodzadeh, M. Ebrahimi and N. Mehmandoost,20161226229Anand, P., A.B. Kunnumakara, C. Sundaram, K.B. Harikumar and S.T. Tharakan et al.,20082520972116Ma, X. and H. Yu,2006798594Juergens, R.A., K.A. Zukotynski, A. Singnurkar, D.P. Snider, J.F. Valliant and K.Y. Gulenchyn,20162016Farkona, S., E.P. Diamandis and I.M. Blasutig,20162016Huang, Y., B.Y. Kim, C.K. Chan, S.M. Hahn, I.L. Weissman and W. Jiang,201818195203Sharma, P., K. Wagner, J.D. Wolchok and J.P. Allison,201111805812Waldmann, T.A.,20039269277Syn, N.L., M.W. Teng, T.S. Mok and R.A. Soo,201718e731e741Blattman, J.N. and P.D. Greenberg,2004305200205Marin-Acevedo, J.A., B. Dholaria, A.E. Soyano, K.L. Knutson, S. Chumsri and Y. Lou,20182018Schreiber, R.D., L.J. Old and M.J. Smyth,201133115651570Hunter, P.,201415485488Moreau, P., M.V. Mateos, J. Blade, L. Benboubker and J. de la Rubia et al.,2014124176176Wang, R.F. and H.Y. Wang,2017271137Schumacher, T.N. and R.D. Schreiber,20153486974Efremova, M., F. Finotello, D. Rieder and Z. Trajanoski,20172017Fritsch, E.F., N. Hacohen and C.J. Wu,20142014Hacohen, N., E.F. Fritsch, T.A. Carter, E.S. Lander and C.J. Wu,201311115Finn, O.J.,201818183194Coulie, P.G., B.J. van den Eynde, P. van der Bruggen and T. Boon,201414135146Currie, G.A.,197226141153Mahdavi, M., V. Moreau and M. Kheirollahi,201775316321Zahm, C.D., V. Colluru and D.G. McNeel,2017+ T cells.]]>5630641Song, Q., C.D. Zhang and X.H. Wu,20181961121Melief, C.J., T. van Hall, R. Arens, F. Ossendorp and S.H. van der Burg,201512534013412Roden, R. and T.C. Wu,20066753763Schiller, J.T., X. Castellsague and S.M. Garland,201230F123F138Markowitz, L.E., G. Liu, S. Hariri, M. Steinau, E.F. Dunne and E.R. Unger,20162016Harper, D.M. and L.R. DeMars,2017146196204Filley, A.C. and M. Dey,2017133223235Small, E.J., L. Raymond, T.A. Gardner, L.I. Karsh and L. Fong et al.,20152015Lilleby, W., G. Gaudernack, P.F. Brunsvig, L. Vlatkovic and M. Schulz et al.,201766891901Obara, W., M. Eto, H. Mimata, K. Kohri and N. Mitsuhata et al.,201628798803Yamasaki, S., Y. Miura, J. Davydova, S.M. Vickers and M. Yamamoto,20131338897Inoges, S., S. Tejada, A.L.D. Cerio, J.G. Perez-Larraya and J. Espinos et al.,20172017Pardi, N., M.J. Hogan, F.W. Porter and D. Weissman,201817261279Santos, P.M. and L.H. Butterfield,2018200443449Benteyn, D., C. Heirman, A. Bonehill, K. Thielemans and K. Breckpot,201514161176Mitchell, D.A., K.A. Batich, M.D. Gunn, M.N. Huang and L. Sanchez-Perez et al.,2015519366369Van Lint, S., D. Renmans, K. Broos, H. Dewitte and I. Lentacker et al.,201514235251Batich, K.A., E.A. Reap, G.E. Archer, L. Sanchez-Perez and S.K. Nair et al.,20172318981909Guevera-Patino, J.A., M.J. Turk, J.D. Wolchok and A.N. Houghton,200390158179Banchereau, J. and K. Palucka,201815910Howells, A., G. Marelli, N.R. Lemoine and Y. Wang,20172017Kelly, E. and S.J. Russell, 200715651659Dock, G.,1904127563592Bluming, A. and J. Ziegler,1971298105106Taqi, A.M., M.B. Abdurrahman, A.M. Yakubu and A.F. Fleming,198131711121112Delwar, Z., K. Zhang, P.S. Rennie and W. Jia,201613334352Gujar, S., J.G. Pol, Y. Kim, P.W. Lee and G. Kroemer,201739209221Lichty, B.D., C.J. Breitbach, D.F. Stojdl and J.C. Bell,201414559567Maia, M.C. and A.R. Hansen,2017113292303Taguchi, S., H. Fukuhara, Y. Homma and T. Todo,201724342351Pease, D.F. and R.A. Kratzke, 20172017Thorne, S.H., T. Hermiston and D. Kirn,200532537548Bell, J. and G. McFadden,201415260265Marcato, P., M. Shmulevitz, D. Pan, D. Stoltz and P.W.K. Lee,20071515221530Meyers, D.E., S. Thakur, C.M. Thirukkumaran and D.G. Morris,20172017Russell, S.J. and K.W. Peng,20172511071116Wennier, S.T., J. Liu and G. McFadden,20121318171833Kroemer, G., L. Galluzzi, O. Kepp and L. Zitvogel,2013315172Kaufman, H.L., F.J. Kohlhapp and A. Zloza,201514642662Breitbach, C.J., K. Parato, J. Burke, T.H. Hwang, J.C. Bell and D.H. Kirn,2015134954Tong, A.W., N. Senzer, V. Cerullo, N.S. Templeton, A. Hemminki and J. Nemunaitis,20121317501760Fukuhara, H., Y. Ino and T. Todo,201610713731379Maroun, J., M. Munoz-Alia, A. Ammayappan, A. Schulze, K.W. Peng and S. Russell,201712193213Fountzilas, C., S. Patel and D. Mahalingam,20178102617102639Liu, T.C., E. Galanis and D. Kirn,20074101117Gromeier, M., S. Lachmann, M.R. Rosenfeld, P.H. Gutin and E. Wimmer,20009768036808Ochiai, H., S.A. Campbell, G.E. Archer, T.A. Chewning and E. Dragunsky et al.,20061213491354Reddy, P.S., K.D. Burroughs, L.M. Hales, S. Ganesh and B.H. Jones et al.,20079916231633Prestwich, R.J., F. Errington, E.J. Ilett, R.S. Morgan and K.J. Scott et al.,20081473587366Toda, M., S.D. Rabkin, H. Kojima and R.L. Martuza,1999in situ cancer vaccine for the induction of specific anti-tumor immunity.]]>10385393Toda, M., R.L. Martuza, H. Kojima and S.D. Rabkin,1998In situ cancer vaccination: An IL-12 defective vector/replication-competent herpes simplex virus combination induces local and systemic antitumor activity.]]>16044574464Thorne, S.H. and C.H. Contag,200815753758Lee, P. and S. Gujar,201815235250Tanoue, K., A.R. Shaw, N. Watanabe, C.E. Porter and B. Rana et al.,20177720402051Ma, G., H. Shimada, K. Hiroshima, Y. Tada, N. Suzuki and M. Tagawa,20082115122Andtbacka, R.H., H.L. Kaufman, F. Collichio, T. Amatruda and N. Senzer et al.,20153327802788Babiker, H.M., I.B. Riaz, M. Husnain and M.J. Borad,201761118US Food and Drug Administration,20152015611619Rehman, H., A.W. Silk, M.P. Kane and H.L. Kaufman,20162016Schvartsman, G., K. Perez, J.E. Flynn, J.N. Myers and H. Tawbi,20172017Puzanov, I., M.M. Milhem, D. Minor, O. Hamid and A. Li et al.,20163426192626Hu, J.C., R.S. Coffin, C.J. Davis, N.J. Graham and N. Groves et al.,2006GM-CSF, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.]]>1267376747Tomazin, R., N.E. van Schoot, K. Goldsmith, P. Jugovic, P. Sempe, K. Fruh and D.C. Johnson,19987225602563Qureshi, O.S., Y. Zheng, K. Nakamura, K. Attridge and C. Manzotti et al.,2011332600603Miest, T.S. and R. Cattaneo,2014122334DeVita, Jr.V.T. and S.A. Rosenberg,201236622072214Klein, G., H.O. Sjogren, E. Klein and K.E. Hellstrom,19602015611572Mitchison, N.A.,1955102157177Khalil, D.N., E.L. Smith, R.J. Brentjens and J.D. Wolchok,201613273290Mirzaei, H.R., A. Rodriguez, J. Shepphird, C.E. Brown and B. Badie,20172017Altenschmidt, U., E. Klundt and B. Groner,1997in vitro-targeted, activated T lymphocytes results in total tumor regression.]]>15955095515Brentjens, R.J., I. Riviere, J.H. Park, M.L. Davila and X. Wang et al.,201111848174828Kalos, M., B.L. Levine, D.L. Porter, S. Katz, S.A. Grupp, A. Bagg and C.H. June,20112011Restifo, N.P., M.E. Dudley and S.A. Rosenberg,201212269281Robbins, P.F., R.A. Morgan, S.A. Feldman, J.C. Yang and R.M. Sherry et al.,201129917924Kochenderfer, J.N., M.E. Dudley, S.A. Feldman, W.H. Wilson and D.E. Spaner et al.,201211927092720Sengupta, S., G. Mao, Z. Gokaslan and P. Sampath,201724121129Brudno, J.N. and J.N. Kochenderfer,201612733213330Lee, D.W., R. Gardner, D.L. Porter, C.U. Louis and N. Ahmed et al.,2014124188195Maude, S.L., D. Barrett, D.T. Teachey and S.A. Grupp,201420119122Hu, Y., J. Sun, Z. Wu, J. Yu and Q. Cui et al.,20162016Batlevi, C.L., E. Matsuki, R.J. Brentjens and A. Younes,2016132540Engel, P., L.J. Zhou, D.C. Ord, S. Sato, B. Koller and T.F. Tedder,199533950Rickert, R.C., K. Rajewsky and J. Roes,1995376352355Brentjens, R.J., J.B. Latouche, E. Santos, F. Marti and M.C. Gong et al.,20039279286Li, Y.S., K. Hayakawa and R.R. Hardy,1993178951960Li, Y.S., R. Wasserman, K. Hayakawa and R.R. Hardy,19965527535John, L.B., C. Devaud, C.P.M. Duong, C. Yong and P.A. Beavis et al.,20131956365646Adusumilli, P.S., L. Cherkassky, J. Villena-Vargas, C. Colovos and E. Servais et al.,20142014Beatty, G.L., A.R. Haas, M.V. Maus, D.A. Torigian and M.C. Soulen et al.,20142112120Tanyi, J.L., A.R. Haas, G.L. Beatty, M.A. Morgan and C.J. Stashwick et al.,20152015Beatty, G.L., M.H. O'Hara, A.M. Nelson, M. McGarvey and D.A. Torigian et al.,20153330073007Louis, C.U., B. Savoldo, G. Dotti, M. Pule and E. Yvon et al.,201111860506056Singh, N., X. Liu, J. Hulitt, S. Jiang and C.H. June et al.,2014210591070Johnson, L.A., J. Scholler, T. Ohkuri, A. Kosaka and P.R. Patel et al.,20152015Koneru, M., T.J. Purdon, D. Spriggs, S. Koneru and R.J. Brentjens,2015in vivo.]]>2015Koneru, M., R. O’Cearbhaill, S. Pendharkar, D.R. Spriggs and R.J. Brentjens,20152015Shi, H., X. Qi, B. Ma, Y. Cao, L. Wang, L. Sun and H. Niu,201527128137Hinrichs, C.S. and N.P. Restifo,2013319991008Brudno, J.N. and J.N. Kochenderfer,2018153146Pardoll, D.M. and S.L. Topalian,1998+ T cell responses in antitumor immunity.]]>10588594Leach, D.R., M.F. Krummel and J.P. Allison,199627117341736Clarke, J.M., D.J. George, S. Lisi and A.K.S. Salama,201813120Buchbinder, E.I. and A. Desai,20163998106Fujii, R., E.R. Friedman, J. Richards, K.Y. Tsang, C.R. Heery, J. Schlom and J.W. Hodge,201673349833511Hodi, F.S., S.J. O'Day, D.F. McDermott, R.W. Weber and J.A. Sosman et al.,2010363711723Nalley, C.,2018 2018 Ning, Y.M., D. Suzman, V.E. Maher, L. Zhang and S. Tang et al.,201722743749Robert, C., L. Thomas, I. Bondarenko, S. O'Day and J. Weber et al.,201136425172526Sharma, P. and J.P. Allison,2015161205214Sul, J., G.M. Blumenthal, X. Jiang, K. He, P. Keegan and R. Pazdur,201621643650Syed, Y.Y.,20177713691376Pardoll, D.M.,201212252264Schwartz, R.H.,19927110651068Krummel, M.F. and J.P. Allison,1995182459465Linsley, P.S., W. Brady, M. Urnes, L.S. Grosmaire, N.K. Damle and J.A. Ledbetter,1991174561569Krummel, M.F. and J.P. Allison,199618325332540Wykes, M.N. and S.R. Lewin,20181891104Keir, M.E., M.J. Butte, G.J. Freeman and A.H. Sharpe,200826677704Dong, H., G. Zhu, K. Tamada and L. Chen,1999513651369Freeman, G.J., A.J. Long, Y. Iwai, K. Bourque and T. Chernova et al.,200019210271034Ishida, Y., Y. Agata, K. Shibahara and T. Honjo,19921138873895Latchman, Y., C.R. Wood, T. Chernova, D. Chaudhary and M. Borde et al.,20012261268Keir, M.E., S.C. Liang, I. Guleria, Y.E. Latchman and A. Qipo et al.,2006203883895Nishimura, H., M. Nose, H. Hiai, N. Minato and T. Honjo,199911141151Nishimura, H., T. Okazaki, Y. Tanaka, K. Nakatani and M. Hara et al.,2001291319322Okazaki, T. and T. Honjo,200719813824Weber, J.S., M. Postow, C.D. Lao and D. Schadendorf,20162112301240Weber, J.S., K.C. Kahler and A. Hauschild,20123026912697Michot, J.M., C. Bigenwald, S. Champiat, M. Collins and F. Carbonnel et al.,201654139148Goodman, A., S.P. Patel and R. Kurzrock,201714203220DeVita, V.T. and P.S. Schein,19732889981006DeVita, V.T.Jr., R.C. Young and G.P. Canellos,19753598110Frei, E.,19723225932607Mahoney, K.M., P.D. Rennert and G.J. Freeman,201514561584Melero, I., D.M. Berman, M.A. Aznar, A.J. Korman, J.L.P. Gracia and J. Haanen,201515457472Westhoff, M.A., N. Marschall, M. Grunert, G. Karpel-Massler, S. Burdach and K.M. Debatin,20182018Moya-Horno, I., S. Viteri, N. Karachaliou and R. Rosell,20182018Vanneman, M. and G. Dranoff,201212237251Hait, W.N.,20096912631267Waeber, B., F. Feihl and L.M. Ruilope,20096917611776Wolchok, J.D., H. Kluger, M.K. Callahan, M.A. Postow and N.A. Rizvi et al.,2013369122133Masters, G.A., D.H. Johnson and S. Temin,2016129093Planchard, D., B. Besse, H.J. Groen, P.J. Souquet and E. Quoix et al.,2016V600E-mutant metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: An open-label, multicentre phase 2 trial.]]>17984993Ma, H., A. Davarifar and J.E. Amengual,2018131324Hanahan, D. and R.A. Weinberg,20001005770Hanahan, D. and R.A. Weinberg,2011144646674Luo, J., N.L. Solimini and S.J. Elledge,2009136823837Polyak, K. and R.A. Weinberg,20099265273Neal, J.W., J.F. Gainor and A.T. Shaw,201512135146Petrushnko, W., J.S. Gundara, P.R. de Reuver, G. O'Grady, J.S. Samra and A. Mittal,201618652663Biomarkers Definitions Working Group,2001698995Shariat, S.F., A. Semjonow, H. Lilja, C. Savage, A.J. Vickers and A. Bjartell,2011506175Vargas, A.J. and C.C. Harris,201616525537Szajnik, M., M. Czystowska-Kuzmicz, E. Elishaev and T.L. Whiteside,201616811826Sidransky, D.,20022210219Strimbu, K. and J.A. Tavel,20105463466Scaletta, G., F. Plotti, D. Luvero, S. Capriglione and R. Montera et al.,201717827839Ferraro, S., F. Braga, M. Lanzoni, P. Boracchi, E.M. Biganzoli and M. Panteghini,201366273281Montagnana, M., E. Danese, S. Giudici, M. Franchi, G.C. Guidi, M. Plebani and G. Lippi,20112011pp: 1-20pp: 1-20Llovet, J.M. and J. Bruix,200337429442Sauzay, C., A. Petit, A.M. Bourgeois, J.C. Barbare, B. Chauffert, A. Galmiche and A. Houessinon,20164633944Song, P.P., J.F. Xia, Y. Inagaki, K. Hasegawa, Y. Sakamoto, N. Kokudo and W. Tang,201622262274Goggins, M.,20052345244531Ballehaninna, U.K. and R.S. Chamberlain,20123105119Lukes, M., M. Urban, M. Zalesky, R. Zachoval, J. Heracek and E. Zdarsky,2001474149Allhoff, E., W. de Riese, M. Eifinger, J. Pethke and U. Jonas,198971216Cooner, W.H., B.R. Mosley, C.L. Jr. Rutherford, J.H. Beard and H.S. Pond et al.,199014311461152Motawi, T.K., S.M. Rizk, T.M. Ibrahim and I.A.R. Ibrahim,201634142148Bertoli, G., C. Cava and I. Castiglioni,2015511221143Nakamura, H. and T. Nishimura,20174710371059Kelloff, G.J. and C.C. Sigman,201211201214Das, V., J. Kalita and M. Pal,201787819Anastasi, E., G.G. Marchei, V. Viggiani, G. Gennarini, L. Frati and M.G. Reale,201031113119Hanash, S.M., C.S. Baik and O. Kallioniemi,20118142150Chen, X., Y. Ba, L. Ma, X. Cai and Y. Yin et al.,2008189971006Patz, Jr.E.F., M.J. Campa, E.B. Gottlin, I. Kusmartseva, X.R. Guan and J.E. Herndon,20072555785583Mellman, I., G. Coukos and G. Dranoff,2011480480489