Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences1028-88801812-5735Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/pjbs.2009.844.851 Van-Positive and Negative Vancomycin Resistant Entrococci and their Antibacterial Susceptibility Patterns to the Newly Introduced Antibiotics]]>JaponiA. FarshadS. ZiyaeyanM. ZiaianS. 1120091211The aim of this study was to determine the types and
frequencies of VRE in terms of the existence of Van genes and to
investigate the efficacy of newly introduced antibiotics. Totally 297
enterococcal strains were isolated from patients specimens. Minimum
inhibitory concentration of resistant isolates to vancomycin and tecoplanin
were determined by E test method. Simultaneous detection of Van
genes and species identification was preformed using multiplex PCR. Sensitivity
patterns of VRE isolates to several antibiotics were determined by disk
diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method. One hundred and four (35%) of the isolates
were VRE of which 12.5, 10.5 and 7% from urine, blood and stool samples
were detected, respectively. Resistant isolates were sensitive to tigecycline
and linezolid and resistant to ciprofloxacin and amikacin. The isolates
which were resistant to ciprofloxacin, amikacin and gentamicin also showed
cross-resistance to the other tested antibiotics. VanA is the predominant
gene of Van-positive isolates in Iran. Meanwhile, the prevalence
of Van-negative intermediate VRE in E. fecalis is markedly
increased. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that due to frequent
vancomycin administration in our clinics the acquisition of Van
genes as well as selection of resistant mutant isolates could be facilitated.
Rational prescription of vancomycin and wisely administration of newly
introduced antibiotics like tigecycline and linezolid is warranted.]]>Arthur, M. and P. Courvalin,19933715631571Arthur, M., C. Molinas, F. Depardieu and P. Courvalin,1993Enterococcus faecium BM4147.]]>175117127Askarian, M., H.A. Zeinalzadeh, A. Japoni, A. Alborzi and Z.A. Memish,2009Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern in Namazi hospital healthcare workers in Shiraz, Iran.]]>2009Chang, S., D.M. Sievert, J.C. Hageman, M.L Boulton and F.C. Tenover et al.,2003Staphylococcus aureus containing the VanA resistance gene.]]>34813421347Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,199342597599Cetinkaya, Y., P. Falk and C.G. Mayhall,200013686707Chou, Y.Y., T.Y. Lin, J.C. Lin, N.C. Wang, M.Y. Peng and F.Y. Chang,2008Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis.]]>4124129Emaneini, M., M. Aligholi and M. Aminshahi,2008Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates from hospitals in Tehran.]]>57173178Dutka-Malen, S., S. Evers and P. Courvalin,1995332427Eliopoulos, G.M.,199711851865Feizabadi, M.M., S. Asadi, A. Aliahmadi, M. Parvin, R. Parastan, M. Shayegh and G. Etemadi,200424521522Flannagan, S.E., J.W. Chow, S.M. Donabedian, W.J. Brown and M.B. Perri et al.,2003Enterococcus faecalis isolate from a patient also colonized by Staphylococcus aureus with a VanA phenotype.]]>4739543959Gemmell, C.G.,2004Staphylococcus aureus: Is it a real time threat?]]>106975Gordon, S., J.M. Swenson, B.C. Hill, N.E. Pigott and R.R. Facklam et al.,19923023732378Hryniewicz, W., T. Zareba and M. Kawalec,1998Enterococcus spp. Isolated in Poland during 1996.]]>10303307Kuriyama, T., D.W. Williams, M. Patel, M.A. Lewis, L.E. Jenkins, D.W. Hill and I.K. Hosein,2003Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from a teaching hospital in Wales.]]>52821827Liassine, N., R. Frei, I. Jan and R. Auckenthaler,19983618531858Libisch, B., Z. Lepsanovic, J. Top, M. Muzslay and M. Konkoly-Thege et al.,200840778784Ligozzi, M. and R. Fontana,20032251253Malani, P.N., L. Thal, S.M. Donabedian, B. Robinson-Dunn and C.A. Kauffman et al.,2002Enterococcus faecalis from Michigan hospitals during a 10 year period.]]>49841843Matsumoto, T., T. Muratani, K. Okada, M. Shiraishi, T. Hayashida, T. Oki and M. Odawara,2004vanA or vanB in Kitakyushu, Japan.]]>10331334McDonald, L.C., M.J. Kuehnert, F.C. Tenover and W.R. Jarvis,19973311317National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Performance of Standard for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing,2004Nelson, R.R., K.F. McGregor, A.R. Brown, S.G. Amyes and H. Young,20003821122116Palladino, S., I.D. Kay, J.P Flexman, I. Boehm, A.M. Costa, E.J Lambert and K.J. Christiansen,2003vanA and vanB genes directly from clinical specimens and enrichment broths by real-time multiplex PCR assay.]]>424832486Pangallo, D., H. Drahovska, J. Harichova, E. Karelova and K. Chovanova et al.,200894555562Perlada, D.E., A.G. Smulian and M.T. Cushion,19973523422347Schaaff, F., A. Reipert and G. Bierbaum,2002Staphylococcus aureus.]]>4635403548Talon, D., X. Bertrand and M.T. houverez,200149641648Townsend, M.I., M.W. Pound and R.H. Drew,20061216621667Turenne, C.Y., D.J. Hoban, J.A. Karlowsky, G.G. Zhanel and A.M. Kabani,1998Enterococcus gallinarum from E. faecium.]]>3623332335Turton, J.F., M.E. Kaufmann, J Glover, J.M. Coelho and M.Warner et al.,2005Acinetobacter baumannii found in the United Kingdom.]]>4330743082Van den Braak, N., A. Van Belkum, M. Van Keulen, J. Vliegenthart, H.A. Verbrugh and H.P. Endtz,19983619271932Woodford, N., C.M. Egelton and D. Morrison,1997418405408Wu, T.L., L .Ma, J.C. Chang, L.H. Su, C. Chu, H.S. Leu and L.K. Siu,2004Acinetobacter baumannii isolates in a surgical intensive care unit.]]>10292299Cheng, S., F.K. McCleskey, M.J. Gress, J.M. Petroziello and R. Liu et al.,1997Enterococcus faecium.]]>3512481250Clark, N.C., R.C. Cooksey, B.C. Hill, J.M. Swenson and F.C. Tenover,19933723112327Van de Klundert, J.A.M. and J.S. Vliegenthart,19931993pp: 547-552pp: 547-552Satake, S., N. Clark, D. Rimland, F.S. Nolte and F.C. Tenover,19973523252330