Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences1028-88801812-5735Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/pjbs.2007.3983.3991Singh.N. S.SinghDoris PhillipsIpeIpe M.1220071022The aim of present study is to discuss the taxonomic and biological history and significance of Phlebotominae sand flies giving emphasis on their collection, preservation and identification of new species as well as differentiation of male and female. Several species of Phlebotominae sand flies are known throughout the world including India. These Phlebotominae sand flies are economically important natural enemies of human beings and cause Kala-azar and visceral leishmaniasis. This causes a lot of deaths. Taxonomy plays an important role in identifying these tiny insects accurately. The accurate identification is important to apply relevant control measures. A wrong identification may lead to misleading results and may upset the entire control strategy. From the start of sand fly research various methods for collection and identification were used. In the early twentieth century, the use of internal structures particularly, cibarium, pharynx and spermathecae was introduced as taxonomic characters. The identification of female sand flies was always found to be difficult and hence scanty work on females are available. Recently female external as well as internal genital structures are used for their identification. Another important character is the genital filament/spermathecal duct ratio which could be a good point for taxonomic differentiation of male and female Phlebotominae sand flies. The detailed study of some biologically important structures of sand flies e.g., mouthparts and reproductive organs both internal as well as external have led to the introduction of few new taxonomic characters.]]>Abonnenc, E. and D.M. Minter,196552563Abonnenc, E.,19721972Adler, S. and O. Theodor,1927Phlebotomus sp. of the minutus group.]]>216168Adler, S. and O. Theodor,19572203226Annandale, N.,1908Phlebotomus.]]>2101104Arias, J.R. and R.A. Freitas,198212609611Ascione, R., L. Gradoni and M. Maroli,1996Phlebotomus perniciosus in foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Campania.]]>38495500Bettini, S., C. Contini, M.C. Atzeni and G. Tocco,1986Phlebotomus perniciosus, Phlebotomus perfiliewi and Sergentomyia minuta (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the canine leishmaniasis focus of Soleminis (Cagliari).]]>80307315Bonnani, P.,16912106106Casanova, C.,200196273275CDA (Communicable Diseases Alert),20062006Depaquit, J., N. Leger, M. Zhang and J.Y. Leng,2007Chinius junlianensis Leng (1987) (Diptera: Psychodidae): New morphological data.]]>101181184Duckhouse, D.A.,19731973pp: 226-244pp: 226-244Dvorak, V., A.M. Aytekin, B. Alten, S. Skarupova, J. Votypka and P. Volf,2006Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot, 1917 (Diptera: Psychodidae).]]>31229238Forattini, O.P.,19712493111Ilango, K.,2000Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti sensu lato (Diptera: Psychodidae).]]>25163172Ilango, K. and R.P. Lane,200037653659Ipe, I.M. and N.S. Singh,1994Phlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) Sanctijohani. A new species of sand flies (Phlebotomidae: Diptera) from Agra, India.]]>67378Kaul, H.N., V. Dhanda and G.B. Modi,1973Sergentomyia (Sintonius) Sirohi sp. nov.]]>61528539Kaul, S.M., A.K. Khera and D. Bora,1994Phlebotomus argentipes and other sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae).]]>26172176Killick-Kendrick, R., Y. Tang and M. Killick-Kendrick,199488433437Kirk, R. and D.J. Lewis,1951102383510Leger, N., B. Pesson, G. Madulo-Leblond and E. Abonnenc,198358611623Leng, Y.J.,198781311317Lewis, D.J.,1975126497532Lewis, D.J. and A.L. Dyce,197615207217Lewis, D.J.,1978Phlebotominae sandflies of the Oriental region (Diptera: Psychodidae).]]>33217346Lewis, D.J.,198245121209Loew, H.,186261221Marcondes, C.B.,1996Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz and Neiva, 1912) and resurrection of L. neivai (Pinto, 1926) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae).]]>91457462Marcondes, C.B.,199893109109Marcondes, C.B., F. Le Pont and A.L. Lozovei,1998Lutzomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) in Bolivia (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae).]]>93203204Marcondes, C.B., A.L. Lozovei and E.A.B. Galati,1998Lutzomyia intermedia (Lutz and Neiva, 1912) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae).]]>32519525Marcondes, C.B., A.L. Lozovei and J.H. Vilela,1998Lutzomyia intermedia (Lutz and Neiva, 1912).]]>315158Marcondes, C.B. and P.S.S. Borges,2000Lutzomyia intermedia (Lutz and Neiva, 1912) complex by ratios between dimensions and by an artificial neural network (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae).]]>95685688Marcondes, C.B. and B. Alexander,2003Lutzomyia intermedia species complex (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae).]]>98611613Mitra, R.D. and D.N. Roy,1953Phlebotomus argentipes found in Poona.]]>4369373Mitra, R.D.,1959105666Mukhopadhyay, J. and K.N. Ghosh,1997Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) as observed by scanning electron microscopy.]]>925761Perfil’ev, P.P.,19681968Pesson, B., G. Madulo-Leblond, M. Killick-Kendrick, Y. Tang and R. Killick-Kendrick,1994Phlebotomus papatasi and P. duboscqi (Diptera: Psychodidae).]]>88539542Quate, L.W.,19624251267Rogo, L.M., C.P.M. Khamala and M. Mutinga,1988Phlebotomus (Larroussius) pedifer and Phlebotomus (Larroussius) elgonensis.]]>16655659Rogo, L.M., E.D. Kokwara, M.J. Muttinga and C.P.M. Khamala,19922910421044Rondani, C.,18401840Rutledge, L.C. and D.A. Ellenwood,197547177Singh, N.S.,19931993Singh, N.S. and I.M. Ipe,2005Phlebotomus (Phlebotominae: Diptera) from Sikandra, UP, India.]]>67144149Sinton, J.A.,1923Phlebotomus. Part I. Introduction and description of Phlebotomus annandalei, n.sp.]]>10742753Sinton, J.A.,192411807815Sinton, J.A.,1925Phlebotomus argentipes Annandale and Brunetti (1908).]]>12789799Sinton, J.A.,1927152127Vieira, V.P., A.L. Ferreira and A. Falqueto,1999323132Walker, F.,1851Vol. 1,Ward, R.D., A.L. Ribeiro, P.D. Ready and A. Murtagh,1983Lutzomyia longipalpalis (Lutz and Neiva). (Diptera: Psychodidae), the vector of Leishmania donovani chagasi, Cuhna and Chagas and its significance to kala-azar distribution.]]>78269280WHO (World Health Organization),19771977Williams, P.,1988Brumptomyia spinosipes (Floch and Abonnenc, 1943).]]>83343346Young, D.G. and P.V. Perkins,198444263304Young, D.G. and M.A. Duncan,1994Lutzomyia Sand Flies in Mexico, the West Indies, Central and South America (Diptera: Psychodidae).]]>Pages: 881Pages: 881