Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences1028-88801812-5735Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/pjbs.2007.2172.2177Pseudomonas fluorescens Isolates and Thiabendazole in the Control of Gray Mold of Apple]]> MikaniA. EtebarianH.R. AminianH. AlizadehA. 1220071013Five isolates KW, 16P, 8, 11 and 7 of Pseudomonas fluorescens and fungicide thiabendazole were evaluated for control of gray mold of apple caused by Botrytis mali. Dual culture, cell free metabolite and volatile test showed that all five isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens tested inhibited growth of the pathogen. Inhibition varied from 28.9-85.7% in dual culture, from 62-94.6% in cell free metabolite and from 45.9-87.9% in volatile test. Apples were wounded and inoculated with a 20 μL Botrytis mali (105 conidia mL-1) combined with a range of concentration of fungicide. Thiabendazole controlled gray mold by over 83% at 5 μg mL-1. Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates prevented B. mali decay from expanding to more than 49.4% at 20°C. Thiabendazole was combined with bacteria to control gray mold of apple. Mixing of thiabendazole and bacterial isolates provide more than 90.2% control at concentrations 5 μL mL-1 and 107 CFU mL-1, respectively, on Golden delicious apples. A combination of thiabendazole and Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate 11 at concentration 10 μg mL-1 and 1x107 CFU mL-1, respectively controlled gray mold by 100%. Thiabendazole was not bactericidal and had no effect on five isloates of Pseudomonas fluorescens.]]>Benizri, E., A. Courtade and A. Guckert,1995277177Card, S., M.V. Jaspers, M. Walter and A. Stewart,200255197201Janisiewicz, J.W. and L. Korsten,200240411441Chand-Goyal, T. and R.A. Spott,199710199206Delany, I., M.M. Sheehan, A. Fenton, S. Bardin, S. Aarons and F. O'Gara,2000Pseudomonas fluorescens F113: Genetic analysis of ph1F as a transcriptional repressor.]]>146537546Dennis, C. and J. Webster,1971Trichoderma, III. Hyphal interaction.]]>57363369Droby, S., L. Cohen, A. Daus, B. Weiss and B. Horev et al.,19981297101El Ghaouth, A., C.L. Wilson and M. Winsnieaski,2003Candida saitoana and induction of defence responces.]]>93344348Etebarian, H.R., P. Sholberg, C. Eastwell and R.J. Sayler,2005Pseudomonas fluorescens.]]>51591598Etebarian, H.R., E.S. Scott and T.J. Wicks,2003Phytophthora erythroseptica.]]>394963Fiddaman, P.J. and S. Rossall,1993Bacillus subtilis.]]>74119126Kheiri, A.,2004Macrophomina phaseolina) by bacterial antagonists.]]>2004Kirner, S., P.E. Hammer, D.S. Hill, A. Altmann and I. Fischer et al.,1998Pseudomonas fluorescens.]]>18019391943Khodaygan, P.,2003Tilletia foetida) by bacterial antagonists.]]>2003Lennox, C.L. and R.A. Spott,2003Botrytis cinerea from pear-related sources to benzimidazole and dicarboximides fungicides.]]>83645649Little, T.M. and F.J. Hills,1978Pages: 350Pages: 350Mari, M., M. Guzzardi and G.C. Prateila,199673037Mari, M., P. Bertolini and G.C. Pratella,200394761766Papadopoulou-Mourkidou, E.,199174743765Schaad, N.W., B. Jones and W. Chun,20013rd Edn.,pp: 373pp: 373Sharom, M.S. and L.V. Edgington,1985B. cinerea, Gerlachia nivall and Monilinia fructicola.]]>7389394Usall, J., N. Teixido, R. Torres, X. Ochoa de Eribe and I. Vinas,2001Candida saka (CPA-1) applications to control postharvest blue mold on apple fruit.]]>21147157Wilson, C.L., M.E. Wisniewski, S. Droby and E. Ghaluts,199353183189Yu, T., P.G. Wu, J.J. Qi, X.D. Zheng, F. Jiang and X. Zhan,2006Cryptococcus laurentii and gibberellic acid.]]>39128134 Zhou, T., J. Northover and K.E. Schneider,1999P. syringae.]]>21375381Zhou, T., C. Chu, W. Liu and K. Schaneider,2001Pseudomonas syringae.]]>23246252Zhou, T., J. Northover, K. Schneider and X. Lu,2002Pseudomonas syringae MA-4 and cyprodinil in the control of blue mold and gray mold of apples.]]>24154161Weller, D.M.,198826379407