Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences1028-88801812-5735Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/pjbs.2000.1213.1222Helicoverpa armigera: A Review and Prospectus for Pakistan]]>KarimShahid 8200038Helicoverpa armigera is a key pest of agriculture and horticulture in Pakistan. Costs of management and damage are gigantic in a wide range of food and fiber crops. It has been recorded on more than 100 cultivated and wild host plants. Key factors contributing to the pest status of H. armigera are its polyphagy, mobility, diapause and high fecundity. Control of H. armigera heavily depends on the use of chemical pesticides. However, resistance to all commercially available insecticides has been detected in H. armigera. The increasing emergence of resistance problems means there is an urgent need for the development of management strategies, which are less dependent on chemical insecticides and/or less conducive to the development of resistance to the control measures, used.]]>Ahmad, M., M.I. Arif and M.R. Attique,1997Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan.]]>87343347Ahmad, M., I.M. Arif and Z. Ahmad,1995Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan.]]>88771776Ahmad, M. and A.R. McCaffery,1991Helicoverpa armigera with the use of synergists.]]>414152Ahmad, M., R.T. Gladwell and A.R. McCaffery,1989Heliothis armigera from Thailand.]]>35165171Ahmad, M. and A.R. McCaffery,1988Heliothis armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).]]>814548Akhurst, R.J.,19901990pp: 233-240pp: 233-240Armes, N.J., D.R. Jadhav and D.K.R. Souza,1996Helicoverpa armigera in the Indian subcontinent.]]>86499514Attique, M.R., 1999Helicovsrpa armigera.]]>1999pp: 2224Barton, K.A., H.R. Whiteley and N.S. Yang,1987Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum provides resistance to lepidopteran insects.]]>8511031109Bellows, Jr. T.S.,198733151154Casida, J.E. and G. Quistad,199843116Chitra, K.C. and G.R. Reddy,1993Heliothis armigera (Hubner).]]>1199102CIBC (Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control),19691969Cochran, M.J., W.F. Nicholson, D.W. Parvin, R. Baskin and J.R. Philips,19851985pp: 160162Common, I.F.B.,1953Heliothis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their pest status.]]>1319344Commonwealth Institute of Entomology,1967H. virescens.]]>1967Commonwealth Institute of Entomology,1967H. zea.]]>1967Commonwealth Institute of Entomology,1968H. armigera (Revised).]]>1968Commonwealth Institute of Entomology,1969H. punctigera.]]>1969Daly, J.C. and D.A.H. Murray,1988Heliothis armigera (Hubner)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia.]]>81984988DeBach, P. and D. Rosen,1991pp: 145-167pp: 145-167Eger, J.E., J.A. Witz, A.W. Hartstack and W.L. Sterling,1982Heliothis virescens and Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at low temperatures.]]>114289301Farrow, R.A. and J.C. Daly,1987Heliothis (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)-a review of its occurrence and detection in 4 pest species.]]>35124Feitelson, J.S., J. Payne and L. Kim, 1992Bacillus thuringiensis: insects and beyond. ]]>10271276Finch, A.P.,19941994pp: 3-37pp: 3-37Fischhoff, D.A., K.S. Bowdish, F.J. Perlak, P.G. Marrone and S.M. McCormick et al.,19875807813Fitt, G.P.,1989Heliothis species in relation to agroecosystems.]]>341753Gatahouse, A.M.R. and V.A. Hilder,19941994pp: 77-201pp: 77-201Gaugler, R.,19931993pp: 89-95pp: 89-95Gaugler, R.,198824351360Gaugler, R.,19871987pp: 457-484pp: 457-484Gaugler, R.,198113241249Glazer, I. and A. Navon,1990Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).]]>8317951800Greathead, O.J.,1986Guangyu, Z.,1989111313Gunning, R.V., G.D. Moores and A.L. Devonshire,1996Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Lepidoptera: Noctuidae.]]>541223Gunning, R.V., G. Moores and A.L. Devonshire,1996Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).]]>552128Gunning, R.V., A.L. Devonshire and G.D. Moores,1995Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).]]>51205213Gunning, R.V., I.G. Ferris and C.S. Easton,1994Helicoverpa armigera and H. punctigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).]]>8711801184Gunning, R.V., C.S. Easton, L.R. Greenup and V.E. Edge,1984Heliothis armiger (Hubner)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Australia.]]>7712831287Hackett, D.S. and A.G. Gatehouse,1982Heliothis armigera (Hubner) and H. fletcheri (Hardwick)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Sudan Gezira.]]>72409422Hardwick, D.F.,1965405247Hearn, A.B. and G.P. Fitt,19921992pp: 85-142pp: 85-142Hilder, V.A., A.M. Gatehouse, S.E. Sheerman, R.F. Barker and D. Boulter,1987330160163Huffaker, C.B., F.J. Simmonds and J.E. Laing,19761976pp: 42-78pp: 42-78Hussel, M.P.,19861986pp: 201-224pp: 201-224Jadhav, D.R. and N.J. 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