Pharmacologia2044-46482044-4656Science International10.3923/pharmacologia.2013.469.480PandeyA.K. KumarShashank 7201347Background: The use of plants for healing purposes predates recorded
history and forms the origin of much of modern medicine. Many conventional drugs
originated from plant sources. Since new and re-emerging infectious diseases
are rising very rapidly, there is an urgent need to discover newer antimicrobial
compounds having diverse chemical structures and novel mechanisms of action.
The emergence of multiple drug resistant strains in human pathogenic organisms
has further necessitated the search for new antimicrobial substances from natural
sources including plants. This review deals with the phytomedicine usage, the
emergence of resistance in the microorganisms, the chemistry and biological
activity of the plant based antimicrobial compounds. Results: Medicinal
plants have drawn the attention of the researchers worldwide and numerous publications
have documented the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals to validate claims
of their biological activity. Plants have limitless ability to synthesize aromatic
substances, most of which are secondary metabolites including phenols, flavonoids,
coumarins, alkaloids and terpenoids etc. These compounds serve as plant defense
mechanisms against predation by herbivores, insects and microorganisms. Many
plant products have ability to overcome resistance in organisms and thereby
combat infectious diseases. This has led researchers to isolate active compounds,
investigate their mechanisms of action and provide molecular mechanism of overcoming
resistance in microorganisms. Antimicrobial agents are compounds capable of
destroying or inhibiting micro-organisms even at low concentrations. They vary
in their spectrum of activity and can be classified as antibacterial, antifungal
or antiviral agents. Conclusion: Phytomedicines have shown great promise
in the treatment of infectious diseases including opportunistic infections.
The diversity of phytochemicals present in plants including secondary metabolites
provide drug leads for the development of novel therapeutic antibacterial, antifungal
and antiviral agents. The review also sheds light on the future development
of combination therapy involving plant-derived agents which is indeed very promising.]]>Adesina, S.K., O. Idowu, A.O. Ogundaini, H. Oladimeji, T.A. Olugbade, G.O. Onawunmi and M. Pais,2000Acalypha wilkesiana and Acalypha hispida.]]>14371374Alanis, A.J., 200536697705Alviano, D.S. and C.S. Alviano,200910106121Bandow, J.E., H. Brotz, L.I.O. Leichert, H. Labischinski and M. Hecker,200347948955Baris, O., M. Gulluce, F. Sahin, H. Ozer and H. Kilic et al.,2006Achillea biebersteinii Afan. (Asteraceae).]]>306573Barker, J.J.,200611391404Bartroli, J., E. Turmo, M. Alguero, E. Boncompte and M.L. Vericat et al.,19984118691882Chakrabarty, A.M.,200318526832686Ciocan, I.D. and I.I. Bara,20078151156Cowan, M.M.,199912564582Cragg, G.M., D.J. Newman and K.M. Snader,1997605260Critchfield, J.W., S.T. Butera and T.M. Folks,1996123946Clercq, D.E.,19958200239Dean, D.A. and K.W. Burchard,1996171374382Di Domenico, B.,19992509515Doughari, J.H., I.S. Human, S. Bennade and P.A. 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