Journal of Plant Sciences1816-4951xxxx-xxxxxAcademic Journals Inc.10.3923/jps.2007.45.53Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks]]>MalabadiRavindra B.NatarajaK. 1200721This study highlights for the first time the influence of smoke-saturated-water on somatic embryogenesis using vegetative shoot apices of mature trees of Pinus wallichiana, an important pine tree of Himalayan region. The addition of smoke-saturated -water derived from the local grasses has a significant effect on the different developmental stages of somatic embryogenesis of P. wallichiana. Smoke-saturated-water at a concentration of 10% in the DCR basal medium (Gupta and Durzan, 1985) resulted in the higher percentage of embryogenesis in all the three genotypes of P. wallichiana as compared against control. Lower concentrations of smoke-saturated water do not have any effect on somatic embryogenesis. On the other hand higher concentrations of smoke-saturated water inhibited embryogenesis in all the three genotypes of P. wallichiana. The presence of smoke-saturated-water in the maturation medium increased the rate of embryo development as evidenced by the occurrence of more number of well matured somatic embryos (PW-37; PW-34; PW120-39) recovered per gram fresh-weight of embryogenic tissue as compared against control. Maximum number of somatic embryos germinated successfully and resulted in the formation of vigorous seedlings compared against control. These observations suggest that the active ingredient (s) in smoke-saturated-water play a regulatory role in plant development. This plays an important role in commercial forestry.]]>Bastola, D.R., V.P. Agarwal, S. Shakya and N. Joshi,1991in vitro propagation of Himalayan pines Pinus roxburghii and Pinus wallichiana.]]>11419Baxter, B.J.M., J. van Staden, J.E. Granger and N.A.C. Brown,1994Themeda triandra Forssk.]]>34217223Baxter, B.J.M. and J. van Staden,199414279282Bonga, J.M. and S.E. Pond,1991Larix deciduas, L. leptolepis and L. laricina trees.]]>264551Bonga, J.M. and P. von Aderkas,1993in vitro.]]>1993pp: 182-199pp: 182-199Bonga, J.M.,1996Larix deciduas and L. x eurolepos.]]>51195200Bonga, J.M.,2004Larix deciduas.]]>774348Brown, N.A.C.,1993123575583Brown, N.A.C., J. van Staden, M.I. Daws and T. Johnson,200369514525Brown, N.A.C. and P.A. Botha,200470559581Dixon, K.W., S. Roche and J.S. Pate,1995101185192Drewes, F.E., M.T. Smith and J. van Staden,199516205209Flematti, G.R., E.L. Ghisalberti, K.W. Dixon and R.D. Trengove,2004305977977Gupta, P.K. and D.J. Durzan,19854177179Janeiro, L.V., A .Ballester and A.M. Vieitez,1995Camellia.]]>70665672Keeley, J.E.,1993Cyrtanthus ventricosus.]]>59638639Keeley, J.E. and C.J. Fotheringham,19987923202336Konar, R.N. and M.H. Singh,1980Pinus wallichiana.]]>99173177Krul, W.R.,199332271276Kumar, P.R.,19756123124Light, M.E., M.J. Gardner, A.K. Jager and J. van Staden,200237135141Light, M.E. and J. van Staden,20047097101Malabadi, R.B. and J. Van Staden,2003Pinus patula trees.]]>69450451Malabadi, R.B., A.V. Ramarosandratana and J. van Staden,2003Pinus patula.]]>2003Malabadi, R.B., H. Choudhury and P. Tandon,2004Pinus kesiya (Royle ex. Gord) promoted by partial desiccation and Gellan gum.]]>102449459Malabadi, R.B., A.V. Ramarosandratana and J. Van-Staden,2004Pinus patula.]]>70343343Malabadi, R.B. and J. Van-Staden,2004Pinus patula.]]>2004Malabadi, R.B. and J. Van Staden,2005Pinus patula.]]>251116Malabadi, R.B. and J. Van-Staden,2005Pinus patula.]]>41181186Malabadi, R.B. and J. Van-Staden,2005Pinus patula trees.]]>82259265Malabadi, R.B. and J. Van-Staden,2005233Malabadi, R.B., P.N. Hills and J. van Staden,2006Pinus patula trees.]]>72181183Malabadi, R.B. and K. Nataraja,2006Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Trees.]]>42152159Mathur, G. and R.S. Nadagauda,1998In vitro plantlet regeneration of blue pine (Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jacks).]]>1998pp: 3939Mathur, G. and R.S. Nadagauda,1999In vitro plantlet regeneration from zygotic embryos of Pinus wallichiana A. B.]]>197480Ruaud, J.N., J. Bercetche and M. Paques,1992Picea abies plants.]]>11563566Ruaud, J.N.,1993Picea abies.]]>92213220Saldanha, C.J.,1985Senaratna, T., K. Dixon, E. Bunn and D. Touchell,1999289599Smith, D.R.,1997in vitro methods in pine plantation establishment: The lesson from New Zealand.]]>36373Tamaszewski, J.Z., A.I. Kuklin, C.E. Sams and B.V. Conger,199414229234Taylor, J.L.S. and J. van Staden,1996Vigna radiata (L.) A Wilczek hypocotyl cutting is stimulated by smoke-derived extracts.]]>18165168Thomas, T.H. and J. Van Staden,1995Apium graveolens L.) seeds by plant derived smoke extract.]]>17195198Van Staden, J., N.A.C. Brown, A.K. Jager and T.A. Johnson,200015167178Van Staden, J., A.K. Jager, M.E. Light and B.V. Burger,200470654657Westcott, R.J.,1994Picea abies (L.) Karst.]]>144749