Journal of Medical Sciences1682-44741812-5727Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/jms.2003.1.23HasanMd. MahmudulE-SobhaniMahbub- 1200331Two genetically different but related forms of HIV, called HIV-1 and HIV-2, have been isolated from patient with AIDS and also closely related viruses are found in many species of non-human primates. Significant progress has been made in preclinical and clinical research in the worldwide efforts to develop an effective HIV vaccine. Many approaches like attenuated and whole inactivated vaccine products, along with recombinant DNA, protein and peptide approaches and some novel construct including other lentivirus have been studied in various animal models of HIV infection. Currently, 2 gp160 vaccines, 2 gp120 products, 1 envelope yeast-derived protein and 1 vaccinia gp160 recombinant vaccine has entered the clinical trials in United States and gag particle product has been studied in the United Kingdom. No immunization strategy has been demonstrated to be completely effective in preventing HIV infection in vivo. Major scientific obstacles blocking the development of a successful preventive vaccine are the extraordinary variability of HIV, the lack of exact animal model of HIV-induced AIDS and understanding of the correlates of positive immunity to HIV.]]>Ahlers, J.D., N. Dunlop, D.W. Alling, P.L. Nara and J.A. Berzofsky,199715839473958Alexander, N.,199054118Archibald, D.W., C. A. Hebert, D. Sun and C.O. Tacket,1990363541Arthur, L.O., J.W.Jr. Bess, E.M. Chartova, J.L. Rossi and M.T. Esser et al.,19983311319Ayyavoo, V., T. Nagashunmugam, M.T. Phung, C. Buckner and S. Kudckodkar et al.,19981618721879Sinoussi, F.B., M.C.G. Courbot, P.N. Fultz, H.N.T. Tuyet and E. Muchmore et al.,199713583591Berkhout, B., K. Verhef, J.L. Van-Wamel and N.K. Back,19997311381145Berman, P.W., T.Z. Gregory and L. Riddle,1990345622625Bolognesi, D.P., L. Corey, S.H. Vermund and D.F. Hoth,1994121603611Burke, D.S.,19973253259Burnett, P.R., T.C.V. Cott, V.R. Polonis, R.R. Redfield and D.L. Brix,1994717Burton, D.R.,1997941001810023Mayer, C.C., T. Shioda and J. Levy,19916569316941Cotran, R.S., V. Kumar and S.L. Robbins,19945th Edn.,Emini, E.A., W.A. Schleif, J.H. Nunberg, A.J. Conley and Y. Eda et al.,1992335728730Eroshkin, A.M., E.A. Karginova, I.P. Gileva, A.S. Lomakin and L.R. Lebedev et al.,19958167173Funkhouser, A., M. L. Clements, S. Slome, B. Clayman and R. Viscidi,19939627632Gao, F., S.G. Morrisom, D.L. Robertson, C.L. Thornton and S. Craig et al.,19967016511667Girard, M., M.P. Kieny and A. Pinter,199188542546Gorse, G.J., J.H. Rogers, J.E. Perry, F.K. Newman and S.E. Frey et al.,199513209214Graham, B.S. and P.F. Wright,199533313311339Haynes, B.F.,199326012791286Haynes, B.F., S.B. Putman and J.B. Weinberg,1996283941Heyward, W.L., K.M.M. Queen and K.L. Goldenthal,19983210215Huang, X., J.J.Jr. Barchi, F.D. Lung, P.P. Roller, P.L. Nara, J. Muschik and R.R. Garrity,1997361084610856Johnson, R.P. and R.C. Desrosiers,199810436443Johnston, M.I.,1995108313317Jones, D.H., B.W. Mcbride, M.A. Roff and G.H. Farrar,199513991999Kalish, M.L., A. Baldwin and S. Raktham,19959851857Keefer, M.C., M. Wolff, G.J. Gorse, L. Corey and M.L.C. Mann et al.,19971311631177Kent, S.J., A. Zhao, S.J. Best, J.D. Chandler, D.B. Boyle and I.A. Ramshaw,1998721018010188Kim, J.H., J.E. Loveland, K.V. Sitz, S.R. Kim and R.J. Mclinden et al.,1997108243250Kim, J.J., V. Ayyavoo, M.L. Bagarazzi, M. Chattergoon, J.D. Boyer, B. Wang and D.B. Weiner,199715879883Klavinskis, L.S., L. Gao, C. Barnfield, T. Lehner and S. Paker,199715818820Klinger, J.M., S. Himathongkham, H. Legg, P.A. Luciw and S.W. Barnett,199812849857Kundu, S.K., D. Katzenstein, F.T. Valentine, C. Spino, B. Efron and T.C. Merigan,199715169174LaCasse, R.A., K.E. Follis, M. Trahey, J.D. Scarborough, D.R. Littman and J.H. Nunberg,1999283357362Lambert, J.S., R. Viscidi, M.C. Walker, B. Clayman, M. Winget, M. Wolff and D.H. Schwartz,19974302308Lasky, L., G. Nakamura and D. Smith,198750975985Lole, K.S., R.C. Bollinger, R.S. paranjape, D. Gadkari and S.S. Kulkarni et al.,199973152160McCutchan, F.E., P. Higrich and T. Bernan,19928887895McDougal, J., M. Kennedy, J. Sligh, S. Cort, A. Mowle and J. Nicolson,1986231382385McGhee, J. and J. Mestechy,19924289312Mestecky, J., W.H. Kutteh and S. Jackson,1994101118Mestecky, J.,19877265276Milman, G. and O. Salma,19941013051312Montelaro, R.C., K.S. Cole and S.A. Hammond,19983255259Moore, J. and R. Anderson,1994372313314Morris, K.,1999397554554Okuda, K., K.O. Xin, T. Tsuji, H. Bukawa and S. Tamaka et al.,19971510491056Olshevsky, O., E. Helseth, C. Furman, J. Li, W. Hasetine and J. Sodroski,19906457015707Ott, D.E., E.M. Chertova, L.K. Beusch, L.V. Coren, T.D. Gagliardi and D.J. Johnson,1999Gag protein produces a mutant that fails to package its envelope protein.]]>731928Ou, C.Y., Y. Takbe, B.G. Weniger, C.C.Luo and M.L. Kalish et al.,199334111711174Owens, D.K., D.M. Edwards and R.D. Shacter,19981210571066Oxford, J.S. and S.A. Jeffs,19961417121717Phuapradit, W.,199838293297Powell, M.F., D.J. Eastman, A. Lim, C. Lucas and M. Peterson et al.,199511203209Race, E., P. Frezza, D.M. Stephens, D. Davis, N. Polyanskaya, M. Cranage and J.S. Oxford,1995135460Rovinski, B., L. Rodrigues, S.X. Cao, F.L. Yao and U. McGuinness et al.,19951111871195Shiver, J.W., M.E. Davies, Y. Yastomi, H.C. Perri, D.C. Freed, N.L. Letvin and M.A. Liu,199715884887Steimer, K.S., P.J. Klasse and J.A. McKeating,19912135143Stott, J. S.L. Hu and N. Almond,19983265270Rao, S.S., K. Limpakarnjanarut and T. Mastro,199814319327Ulmer, J.B., J.J. Donnelly, S.E. Parker, G.H. Rhodes and P.L. Felgner et al.,199325917451749Van der Groen, G., P.N. Nyambi, E. Beirnaert, D. Davis and K. Fransen et al.,199814S211S221Vasudevachari, M.B., K.W. Uffelman, J. Kovacs, C. Yen, H.C. Lane and N.P. Salzman,19925818821Wahren, B., J. Hinkula, E.L. Stahle, C.A.K. Borrebaeck, S. Schwartz and H. Wigzell,1995772278281Walker, R.I.,199412387400Wang, B., K. Dang, M.G. Agadjanyan, V. Srikantan and F. Li,199715821825Wang, B., J.J. Boyer, V. Srikantan, L. Coney and R. Carrano et al.,199312799805Wang, B., E.K. Ugen, V. Srikantan, M. Agaduanyan and K. Dang et al.,19939041564160Wasi, C., B. Herring and S. Rakthan,19959843849Weissburg, R.P., P.W. Beramn, J.L. Cleland, D. Eastman and F. Farina et al.,19951214391446Wnag, J., C.M. Lyles, C. Beyrer, D.D. Celentano and D. Vlahob et al.,199817815071511Wolff, J.A., R.W. Mallone, P. Williams, W. Chong, G. Acsadi, A. Jani and P.L. Felgner,1990in vivo.]]>24714651468Yu, X.F., Z. Wang, C. Beyrer, D.D. Celentano, C. Khamboonruang, E. Allen and K. Nelson,19956946494655