Journal of Biological Sciences1727-30481812-5719Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/jbs.2018.124.134in vitro Mechanisms of Anti-diabetic Activity of β-caryophyllene and L-arginine]]>KaurGinpreet TharappelLeo Joseph Philip KumawatVivek 32018183Background and Objective: β-caryophyllene (BCP) and L-arginine (LA) have been found to have anti-inflammatory, insulinotropic and antioxidant activity. However, a mechanistic approach regarding the combination of BCP and LA against the inflammatory processes present in diabetes mellitus has not been explored. Hence, the current studys objective was to determine the in vitro mechanisms of anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of BCP, LA and their combination. Materials and Methods:In vitro cell viability (20-500 mM) was assessed using the MTT assay. Safety studies for BCP and LA were carried out for acute (2000 mg kg1) and repeated dose toxicity (300, 600, 900 mg kg1). In vitro anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase activity of BCP, LA and their combination was evaluated at different concentrations (20-320 μg mL1) using the DPPH assay, H2O2 scavenging capacity assay, RBC membrane stabilization method and α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. Results: BCP+LA showed higher cell viability than BCP at 500 μg mL1 (86.8 vs. 72.9%). Safety studies showed BCP+LA to be safe at 2000 mg kg1. BCP+LA was more potent than the individual agents in all the assays with >50% activity at half the concentrations of the individual agents (80, 20 and 20 μg mL1) for all the assays. The membrane stabilizing activity of BCP+LA was greater than the individual agents at 320 μg mL1. BCP, LA and BCP+LA displayed concentration-dependent increase in activity in all the assays. Conclusion: BCP+LA was safe and has more anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity than individual agents. These results give preliminary evidence supporting the combined use for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.]]>WHO.,20172017WHO.,20172017Cieslak, M., A. Wojtczak and M. Cieslak,2015621521Shu, C.J., C. Benoist and D. Mathis,201224436442Donath, M.Y. and S.E. Shoelson,20111198107Dandona, P., H. Ghanim, A. Chaudhuri, S. Dhindsa and S.S. Kim,201042245253Matough, F.A., S.B. Budin, Z.A. Hamid, N. Alwahaibi and J. Mohamed,201212518Chaudhury, A., C. Duvoor, V.S.R. Dendi, S. Kraleti and A. Chada et al.,20172017Kaur, G. and C. Meena,20122012Kaur, G., V. Wani, A. Dave and P. Jadhav,2015Lagenaria siceraria and Trigonella foenum graecum on lipid absorption and excretion for modulation of lipid profile.]]>31824Madrigal-Santillan, E., E. Madrigal-Bujaidar, I. Alvarez-Gonzalez, M.T. Sumaya-Martinez and J. Gutierrez-Salinas et al.,2014201478714804Li, L., X. Zhou, N. Li, M. Sun, J. Lv and Z. Xu,20152010741086Fidyt, K., A. Fiedorowicz, L. Strzadala and A. Szumny,2016β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide-natural compounds of anticancer and analgesic properties.]]>530073017King, D.E., A.G. Mainous III and M.E. Geesey,2008282124Klauke, A.L., I. Racz, B. Pradier, A. Markert, A.M. Zimmer, J. Gertsch and A. Zimmer,20142 receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain.]]>24608620Salil, G., K.G. Nevin and T. Rajamohan,20129219031908Mosmann, T.,1983655563OECD.,20012001OECD.,20012001Mehta, A., G. Kaur and M. Chintamaneni,20128101107Ruch, R.J., S.J. Cheng and J.E. Klaunig,19891010031008Joseph, J., A.R. Bindhu and N.A. Aleykutty,2013In vitro and in vivo antiinflammatory activity of Clerodendrum paniculatum Linn. leaves.]]>75376379Shinde, U.A., A.S. Phadke, A.M. Nair, A.A. Mungantiwar, V.J. Dikshit and M.N. Saraf,1999Cedrus deodara wood oil.]]>70251257Patel, A.G., G. Kaur and C. Meena,20113796801IHME.,20162016McAdam-Marx C.,201319S143S148Basha, R.H. and C. Sankaranarayanan,201411614691479Zheng, X., T. Sun and X. Wang,2013436377381Basha, R.H. and C. Sankaranarayanan,20155914Mendez, J.D. and F. Balderas,200183453458West, M.B., K.V. Ramana, K. Kaiserova, S.K. Srivastava and A. Bhatnagar,200858226092614Clemmensen, C., S. Smajilovic, E.P. Smith, S.C. Woods and H. Brauner-Osborne et al.,201315439783983Monti, L.D., E. Setola, P.C.G. Lucotti, M.M. Marrocco-Trischitta and M. Comola et al.,201214893900Ozbek, M., M. Erdogan, M. Karadeniz, S. Cetinkalp and A.G. Ozgen et al.,2009117573576Basha, R.H. and C. Sankaranarayanan,20162455058Fazelian, S., M. Hoseini, N. Namazi, J. Heshmati, M.S. Kish, M. Mirfatahi and A.S.S. Olia,20144449454Adefegha, S.A., T.A. Olasehinde and G. Oboh,2017Afromomum species.]]>665163