Journal of Biological Sciences1727-30481812-5719Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/jbs.2014.77.94Withania somnifera): Role in Safeguarding Health, Immunomodulatory
Effects, Combating Infections and Therapeutic Applications: A Review]]>TiwariRuchi ChakrabortySandip SaminathanMani DhamaKuldeep SinghShoor Vir 22014142Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a well known herb
possessing several health benefits. The steroidal lactones (withanolides) obtained
from its roots have been implicated in a wide range of therapeutic activities
and maintaining general health: Immunomodulation, combating infectious agents,
anti-cancer and anti-epileptic, memory enhancer, to promote good physical and
mental health, mood elevator, diuretic, general tonic and rejuvenator, stress
reliever, cardiorespiratory endurance enhancer, anti-ageing, anti-oxidant, hypoglycemic,
hypocholesterolemic and in common an effective adaptogen. Steroidal alkaloids
and lactones are the active constituents of the plant. Withanolides as per theory
occupies the receptor sites in the cell membrane thereby preventing the attachment
and subsequent exertion of the effect of actual hormone. Withanolides have got
analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity due to cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition
property. Ashwagandha enhances nitric oxide synthatase activity of the macrophages,
which in turn increases the microbial killing power of these immune cells thereby
enhancing the Cell Mediated Immune (CMI) response. A glycoprotein Glycowithanolides
(WSG) commonly known as W. somnifera glycoprotein is responsible for
antimicrobial activity. Milk supplemented with Ashwagandha has been reported
to increase total proteins and body weight and the plant alone helps in inducing
tolerance and dependence. Its anti-stress and radiosensitization action; beneficial
effects on cardiovascular system and sexual behavior; curative properties against
neurodegenerative diseases and poisoning due to toxins and chemicals (including
snake venom) has made this plant a treasure of nature. Thus the plant is an
important component of many polyherbal preparations. Important for researchers
and scientists is that biotechnologically advanced techniques; novel disciplines
of bioinformatics and genomics can help in identifying and generating bioactive
principles of the plant. All these salient health applications of this herb
in biomedicine and veterinary sciences are discussed in this review focusing
its potent role in maintaining sound health, immunomodulatory effects, combating
infections, therapeutic usages and other beneficial applications.]]>Abbas, S.S., V. Singh, M. Bhalla and N. Singh,2004Endodermal carcinoma.]]>2004pp: 81Abbas, S.S., M. Bhalla and N. Singh,20052005pp: 143144Abdel-Magied, E.M., H.A. Abdel-Rahman and F.M. Harraz,2001Cynomorium coccineum and Withania somnifera on testicular development in immature Wistar rats.]]>7514Abraham, A., I. Kirson, D. Lavie and E. Glotter,1975Withania somnifera chemotypes I and II.]]>14189194Agarwal, M., P. Singh and M.K. Agarwal,2004Withania somnifera.]]>26473474Ahmad, M., S. Saleem, A.S. Ahmad, M.A. Ansari, S. Yousuf, M.N. Hoda and F. Islam,2005Withania sominifera on 6-hydroxydopamine induced Parkinsonism in rats.]]>24137147Ajay, R.P., K.S. Reddy, S. Ramana and B. Maji,2005Withania somnifera) under vertisol soil type.]]>10389393Akinyemi, K.O., U.E. Mendie, S.T. Smith, A.O. Oyefolu and A.O. Coker,200454560Al-Qirim, T.M., A. Zafir and N. 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Ali and Atta-ur-Rahman,1995withania coagulance.]]>4012431246Choudhary, M.I., S. Yousuf, S.A. Nawaz, S. Ahmed and Atta-ur-Rahman,2004Withania somnifera.]]>5213581361Choudhary, M.I., S.A. Nawaz, Zaheer-ul-Haq, M.A. Lodhi and M.N. Ghayur et al.,2005334276287Christina, A.J.M., D.G. Joseph, M. Packialakshmi, R. Kothai, S.J.H. Robert, N. Chidambaranathan and M. Ramasamy,2004Withania somnifera dunal against Dalton's Ascitic lymphoma.]]>93359361Dadkar, V.N., N.U. Ranadive and H.L. Dhar,1987Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha).]]>2101108Dasgupta, A., E. Kang, M. Olsen, J.K. Actor and P. Datta,2007131619621Dasgupta, A., G. Tso and A. Wells,200822295301Datta, A.K., M. Mukherjee and M. Iqbal,2005Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) and Withania somnifera (L.) Dun. (Solanaceae).]]>70309313Davis, L. and G. Kuttan,1998Withania somnifera extract in mice.]]>62209214Davis, L. and G. Kuttan,2000Withania somnifera on cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity.]]>148917Davis, L. and G. Kuttan,2000Withania somnifera.]]>71193200Devi, P.U., 1996Withania somnifera Dunal (Ashwagandha): potential plant source of a promising drug for cancer chemotherapy and radiosensitization.]]>34927932Dhama, K., S. Mani, S. Chakraborty, R. Tiwari, A. Kumar, P. Selvaraj and R.B. Rai,2013519081919Dhama, K., S. Chakraborty, Mahima, M.Y. Wani and A.K. Verma et al.,201316101111Dhama, K., S. Chakraborty and R. Tiwari,20133170178Dhama, K., S. Chakraborty, M.Y. Wani, R. Tiwari and R. Barathidasan,20133195208Dhama, K., S.K. Latheef, H.A. Samad, S. Chakrabort, R. Tiwari, A. Kumar and A. Rahal,201313226235Dhar, R.S., V. Verma, K.A. Suri, R.S. Sangwan and N.K. Satti et al.,2006Withania somnifera.]]>6722692276Dhote, B.S., G.K. Singh and R.S. Chauhan,200526065Dhuley, J.N.,2000705763Diwanay, S., D. Chitre and B. Patwardhan, 2004904955El-Boshy, M.E.S., O.M. Abdalla, A. Risha and F. Moustafa,2013Withania somnifera extracts on some selective biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters in guinea pigs experimental infected with E. coli.]]>2013Gautam, M., S.S. Diwanay, S. Gairola, Y.S. Shinde, S.S. Jadhav and B.K. Patwardhan,2004Withania somnifera in experimental system.]]>4841849Gupta, G.L. and A.C. Rana,2007Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha): A review.]]>1129136Girish, K.S., K.D. Machiah, S. Ushanandini, K. Harish Kumar and S. Nagaraju et al.,2006Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha).]]>47365374Govindarajan, R., M. Vijayakumar and P. Pushpangadan,200599165178Gupta, M.S., H.N. Shivaprasad, M.D. Kharya and A.C. Rana,200644263265Gupta, S.K., I. Mohanty, K.K. Talwar, A. Dinda and S. Joshi et al.,20042603947Harikrishnan, B., P. Subramanian and S. Subash,2008Withania somnifera root powder on the levels of circulatory lipid peroxidation and liver marker enzymes in chronic hyperammonemia.]]>5872877Hemalatha, S., A.K. Wahi, P.N. Singh and J.P. Chansouria,2006Withania coagulans dunal in Albino rats.]]>20614617Ichikawa, H., Y. Takada, S. Shishodia, B. Jayaprakasam, M.G. Nair and B.B. Aggarwal,2006514341445Ilayperuma, I., W.D. Ratnasooriya and T.R. Weerasooriya,2002Withania somnifera root extract on the sexual behaviour of male rats.]]>4295298Iqbal, M. and A.K. Datta,2006Withania somnifera (L.) Dun.]]>667374Iuvone, T., G. Esposito, F. Capasso and A.A. Izzo,2003Withania somnifera in macrophages.]]>7216171625Jamil, A., M. Shahid, M.M. Khan and M. Ashraf,200739211221Jayaprakasam, B., G.A. Strasburg and M.G. Nair,2004Withania somnifera fruits.]]>6031093121Jayaprakasam, B., Y. Zhang, N.P. Seeram and M.G. Nair,2003Withania somnifera leaves.]]>74125132Jha, S. M. Banyopadhyay, K.N. Chaudhuri, S. Ghosh and B. Ghosh,20053101115Johri, S., U. Jamwal, S. Rasool, A. Kumar, V. Verma and G.N. Qazi,2005Withania somnifera (AGB 002) and their ability to oxidize IAA.]]>16910141021Kaileh, M., W.V. Berghe, A. Heyerick, J. Horion and J. Piette et al.,200728242534264Kambizi, L., P.O. Adebola and A.J. Afolayan,2006Withania somnifera; a high value medicinal plant.]]>721114Kambizi, L., B.M. Goosen, M.B. Taylor and A.J. Afolayan,2007Aloe ferox and Withania somnifera on herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture.]]>103359360Kambizi, L. and A.J. Afolayan,2008Aloe ferox and Withania somnifera inhibit Candida albicans and Neisseria gonorrhoea.]]>71215Kataria, H., R. Wadhwa, S.C. Kaul and G. Kaur,2013Withania somnifera water extract as a potential candidate for differentiation based therapy of human neuroblastomas.]]>2013Kaul, M.K., A. Kumar and A. Sharma,2005Withania somnifera L.]]>8813751377Kaur, K., G. Rani, N. Widodo, A. Nagpal, K. Taira, S.C. Kaul and R. Wadhwa,20044220152020Kest, B., C.A. Palmese, E. Hopkins, M. Adler, A. Juni and J.S. Moqil,2002115463469Khajuria, R.K., K.A. Suri, R.K. Gupta, N.K. Satti, M. Amina, O.P. Suri and G.N. Qazi,200427541546Khan, B., S.F. Ahmad, S. Bani, A. Kaul and K.A. Suri et al.,2006Withania somnifera in stressed mice.]]>613941403Khanam, S. and K. Devi,20055126131Khanam, S. and K. Devi,2005Withania somnifera root extract on lead-induced DNA damage.]]>33133Khanna, P.K., A. Kumar, A. Ahuja and M.K. Kaul,2006Withania somnifera (L.) dunal.]]>510611063Khanna, P.K., A. Kumar, A. Ahuja and M.K. Kaul,2006Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.]]>11321324Khare, C.P.,2007pp: 717-718pp: 717-718Kiefer, D.,20062006Konar, A., N. Shah, R. Singh, N. Saxena, S.C. Kaul, R. Wadhwa and M.K. Thakur,20112011Kothari, S.K., C.P. Singh, Y.V. Kumar and K. Singh,2003Withania somnifera L. Dunal) roots and its cultivation economics as influenced by tillage depth and plant population density.]]>78422425Kuboyama, T., C. Tohda and K. Komatsu,20062314171426Kuboyama, T., C. Tohda and K. Komatsu,2005144961971Kulkarni, A.A., S.M. Kelkar, M.G. Watve and K.V. Krishnamurthy,2007in vitro cultures of Piper spp., Taxus baccata subsp Wallichiana and Withania somnifera.]]>536374Kulkarni, S.K., A. Sharma, A. Verma and M.K. Ticku,19937305312Kulkarni, S.K. and A. Sharma,199432886888Kulkarni, S.K. and B. George,1996Withania somnifera (aswaganda) root extract against pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in mice.]]>95447449Kulkarni, S.K. and I. Ninan,1997Withania somnifera in mice.]]>57213217Kumar, A., M.K. Kaul, M.K. Bhan, P.K. Khanna and K.A. Suri,2007Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae).]]>54655660Kumar, S., P. Gupta, S. Sharma and D. Kumar,20119117128Kumari, J., P.K. Sahoo and S.S. Giri,200745291298Kushwaha, S., S. Roy, R. Maity, A. Mallick and V.K. Soni et al.,2012Withania somnifera lead to differentially modulated immune response in BALB/c mice.]]>3010831093Latheef, S.K., K. Dhama, M.Y. Wani, H.A. Samad and R. Barathidasan et al.,2013Withania somnifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Azadirachta indica and E care SE herbal) on the pathogenesis of chicken infectious anaemia virus.]]>523272331Latheef, S.K., K. Dhama, M.Y. Wani, H.A. Samad, R. Tiwari and S.D. Singh,2013Withania somnifera, Azadirachta indica, Tinospora cordifolia and E care SE herbal preparations on chicken infectious anaemia virus induced haematological changes in chicks and their live body weights.]]>3172182Machiah, D.K. and T.V. Gowda,2006Naja naja venom and its inhibition by a glycoprotein from Withania somnifera.]]>88701710Anonymous,1982Vol. 10,pp: 580-585pp: 580-585Machiah, D.K., K.S. Girish and T.V. Gowda,2006Withania somnifera, inhibits hyaluronidase activity of snake venoms.]]>143158161Mahadik, K.R., C.L. Gopu, S.S. Gilda, A.R. Paradkar and K.R. Mahadik,2008Withania somnifera dunal.]]>74288288Mahima, A. Rahal, R. Deb, S.K. Latheef and H.A. Samad et al.,201215754774Mahima, V.A.K., R. Tiwari, K. Karthik, S. Chakraborty, R. Deb and K. Dhama,2013133847Mahima, A.M. Ingle, A.K. Verma, R. Tiwari and K. Karthik et al.,201316826843Maitra, R., M.S. Kang and S. Sharma,2003Withania somnifera L. dunal extract, as an antiangiogenic agent, a potential candidate for chemoprevention therapy.]]>2003pp: 604Malik, F., J. Singh, A. Khajuria, K.A. Suri and N.K. Satti et al.,2007Withania somnifera and its major constituent withanolide-A elicit humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by up regulation of Th1-dominant polarization in BALB/c mice.]]>8015251538Mathew, T., Z. Mathew and K. Dhama,20102010pp: 8586Mathur, R., S.K. Gupta, N. Singh, S. Mathur, V. Kochupillai and T. Velpandian,2006Withania somnifera root extracts on cell cycle and angiogenesis.]]>105336341Mathur, R. and T. Velpandian,200941205206Mathur, S., P. Kaur, M. Sharma, A. Katyal, B. Singh, M. Tiwari and R. Chandra,2004Withania somnifera, in a rat model.]]>11452460Mehrotra, V., S. Mehrotra, V. Kirar, R. Shyam, K. Misra, A.K. Srivastava and S.P. Nandi,2011Withania somnifera against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.]]>14045Mehta, A.K., P. Binkley, S.S. Gandhi and M.K. Ticku,1991Withania somnifera root extract on GABAA receptor complex.]]>94312315Mirjalili, M.H., E. Moyano, M. Bonfill, R.M. Cusido and J. Palazon,2009Withania somnifera, an ancient plant for novel Medicine.]]>1423732393Mishra, L.C., B.B. Singh and S. Dagenais,2000Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): A review.]]>5334346Misra, B.,20042004Mohan, R., H. Hammers, P. Bargagna-Mohan, X. Zhan and C. Herbstritt et al.,20047115122Mohanty, I., D.S. Arya, A. Dinda, K.K. Talwar, S. Joshi and S.K. Gupta,2004Withania somnifera in experimentally induced myocardial infarction.]]>94184190Nagareddy, P.R. and M. Lakshmana,2006Withania somnifera improves bone calcification in calcium-deficient ovariectomized rats.]]>58513519Naidu, P.S., A. Singh and S.K. Kulkarni,2006Withania somnifera root extract on reserpine induced orofacial dyskinesia and cognitive dysfunction.]]>20140146Nair, M.G. and B. Jayaprakasam,20072007Nath, A., P. Sinha and P. Sinha,2005Withania somnifera and Ocimum sanctum.]]>1214344Negi, M.S., V. Sabharwal, N. Wilson and M.S. Lakshmikumaranl,2006Withania somnifera genotypes.]]>91464471Titanji, V.P., A.A. Ngwa and M. Ngemenya,2007362329Owais, M., K.S. Sharad, A. Shehbaz and M. Saleemuddin,2005Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) an indigenous medicinal plant against experimental murine salmonellosis.]]>12229235Padmavathi, B., P.C. Rath, A.R. Rao and R.P. Singh,2005Withania somnifera inhibit forestomach and skin carcinogenesis in mice.]]>299105Panchbhai, D.M., B.R. Bachkar, P.L. Deokar and S.G. Wankhade,2006Withania somnifera Dunal.).]]>198992Panda, S., P. Gupta and A. Kar,199772546547Panda, S. and A. Kar,19985010651068Patel, D.H., P.N. Upadhyay, K.V. Patel, J.B. Patel and B.K. Patel,2004Withania somnifera).]]>26288292Patra, D.D., K. Singh, H.O. Misra, A.K. Gupta, J. Singh, S.C. Singh and S.P.S. Khanuja,2004Withania somnifera).]]>26332335Rahal, A., A.H. Ahmad, A. Kumar, Mahima, A.K. Verma, S. Chakraborty and K. 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Shenoy, S. Chauhan, G.S. Lavekar and M.M. Padhi,2010Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) and Terminalia arjuna (Arjuna) on physical performance and cardiorespiratory endurance in healthy young adults.]]>1144149Sangwan, R.S., N.D. Chaurasiya, L.N. Misra, P. Lal and G.C. Uniyal et al.,2004Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha).]]>86461465Scarfiotti, C., F. Fabris, B. Cestaro and A. Giuliani,19976S31S36Schliebs, R., A. Liebmann, S.K. Bhattacharya, A. Kumar, S. Ghosal and V. Bigl,1997Withania somnifera (Indian Ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects cholinergic but not glutamatergic and GABAergic markers in rat brain.]]>30181190Senthil, V., S. Ramadevi, V. Venkatakrishnan, P. Giridharan, B.S. Lakshmi, R.A. Vishwakarma and A. Balakrishnan,20071671930Senthilnathan, P., R. Padmavathi, S.M. Banu and D. Sakthisekaran,2006Withania somnifera on benzo(a)pyrene induced experimental lung cancer.]]>159180185Senthilnathan, P., R. Padmavathi, V. Magesh and D. 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