Journal of Biological Sciences1727-30481812-5719Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/jbs.2014.110.123Azadirachta indica) and its Potential for Safeguarding Health of Animals and Humans: A Review]]>TiwariRuchi VermaAmit Kumar ChakrabortySandip DhamaKuldeep SinghShoor Vir 22014142Since ancient era, herbal therapy remained as medicines
backbone which is economic, safer and easily available to most of people in
world. Among diverse herbal treasure, Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a
highly esteemed tree with several beneficial properties and applications especially
known for its incredible therapeutic and ethnomedicinal values for humankind.
Neem is regarded as free tree
of India, wonder
tree, Natures
drug store, Village dispensary,
Divine tree, heal
all, Materia
medica and Panacea
of all Diseases. It is among
highly exploited medicinal plant of Indian origin. It has been used in different
medicinal systems: ayurveda, unani, homoeopathic medicine, therefore, considered
as cynosure of modern medicine. All parts of the plant have some biological
and medicinal properties hence valuable source of natural medicinal products.
Compounds isolated from neem are broadly classified into two: (1) Isoprenoids
(2) Non-isoprenoids. Isoprenoid compounds consists of diterpenoids, triterpenoids
and steroids while while non-isoprenoids contains proteins and/or amino acids,
polysaccharides, flavonoids etc. It is found beneficial in leprosy, gastro-intestinal
problems, malaria, intestinal helminthiasis, tuberculosis, ringworms, skin disorders,
boils, epilepsy, fever, respiratory distress, nausea, ulcers and in many other
health related problems. This review gives a birds
eye view particularly on history, classification, active principles, mechanism
of action and potential uses of neem in safeguarding human and animal health
along with the several commercial preparations available in the market.]]>Abdel-Ghaffar, F., S. Al-Quraishy, K.A.S. Al-Rasheid and H. Mehlhorn,2012in vivo and in vitro study on nits and motile stages.]]>110277280Akihisa, T., T. Noto, A. Takahashi, Y. Fujit and N. Banno et al.,2009Azadirachta indicia A. Juss. (neem).]]>58581594Akihisa, T., A. Takahashi, T. Kikuchi, M. Takagi and K. Watanabe et al.,2011Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (neem) seeds.]]>605359Al-Quraishy, S., F. Abdel-Ghaffar, K.A. Al-Rasheid, J. Mehlhorn and H. Mehlhorn,2012®) on mallophages (featherlings) of chicken: In vivo and in vitro studies.]]>110617622Al-Quraishy, S., F. Abdel-Ghaffar, K.A. Al-Rasheid, J. Mehlhorn and H. Mehlhorn,2012®) on biting lice (mallophages) and bloodsucking insects parasitizing horses.]]>110335339Al-Samarrai, G., H. Singh and M. Syarhabil,201219673676Anjali, C.H., Y. Sharma, A. Mukherjee and N. Chandrasekaran,2012Azadirachta indica) nanoemulsion-a potent larvicidal agent against Culex quinquefasciatus.]]>68158163Ansari, M.A. and R.K. Razdan,1996338187Anyaehie, U.B.,2009Azadirachta indica) leaf extract from nigeria: A review.]]>24157159Aravindan, S., M. Natarajan, T.S. Herman, V. Awasthi and N. Aravindan,20132013Mukherjee, A.K., R. Doley and D. Saikia,20082 (PLA2) inhibitor (AIPLAI) from leaves of Azadirachta indica (Neem): Mechanism of PLA2 inhibition by AIPLAI in vitro condition.]]>5115481553Badam, L., S.P. Joshi and S.S. Bedekar,1999In vitro antiviral activity of neem (Azadirachta indica, A. Juss) leaf extract against group B Coxsackie viruses.]]>317990Balappanavar, A.Y., V. Sardana and M. Singh,2013242634Bandyopadhyay, U., K. Biswas, A. Sengupta, P. Moitra and P. Dutta et al.,2004Azadirachta indica) bark extract on gastric secretion and gastroduodenal ulcer.]]>7528672878Banken, J.A.O. and J.D. Stark,1997Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) after direct exposure to Neemix, a neem insecticide.]]>9011021105Baral, R., I. Mandal and U. Chattopadhyay,2005513431352Bedri, S., E.A. Khalil, S.A. Khalid, M.A. Alzohairy and A. Mohieldein et al.,2013Azadirachta indica ethanolic extract protects neurons from apoptosis and mitigates brain swelling in experimental cerebral malaria.]]>2013Beuth, J., H. Schneider and H.L. Ko,2006Azadirachta indica) correlates with antineoplastic activity in BALB/c-mice.]]>20247251Bhowmik, D., Chiranjib, J. Yadav, K.K. Tripathi and K.P.S. Kumar,2010Azadirachta indica and its medicinal application.]]>26272Biswas, K., I. Chattopadhyay, R.K. Banerjee and U. Bandyopadhyay,2002Azadirachta indica).]]>8213361345Biu, A.A., S.D. Yusufu and J.S. Rabo,2009Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) in Maiduguri, Nigeria.]]>21281283Bonsu, F.R.K., J.K. Kagya-Agyemang, W.K.J. Kwenin and H.K. Zanu,2012Azadirachta indica) leaf meal, haematology and meat sensory analysis.]]>19800805Chagas, A.C.S., L.S. Vieira, A.R. Freitas, M.R.A. Araujo, J.A. Araujo-Filho, W.R. Araguao and A.M.C. Navarro,2008Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and the homeopathic product Fator Vermes® in Morada Nova sheep.]]>1516873Chakraborty, K., A. Bose, S. Pal, K. Sarkar and S. Goswami et al.,20088330340Chary, P.,2011174964Chatterjee, R., O. Singh, L. Pachuau, S.P. Malik and M. Paul et al.,2010Azadirachta indica and studies on its cytotoxic activity and DNA binding properties.]]>2066996702Chattopadhyay, R.R., R.N. Chattopadhyay and S.K. Maitra,1993Azadirachta indica leaf extract.]]>2599100Chauhan, R.S.,20107213Chava, V.R., S.M. Manjunath, A.V. Rajanikanth and N. Sridevi,2012Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis: An in vitro study.]]>13769772Chopra, I.C., K.C. Gupta and B.N. Nair,1952Azadirachta indica).]]>40511515Dasgupta, T., S. Banerjee, P.K. Yadava and A.R. Rao,2004Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf extract in murine carcinogenesis model systems.]]>922336Del Serrone, P. and M. Nicoletti,20131032823295Dhaliwal, P.K., J.K. Roop and S.S. Guraya,19981998pp: 340-346pp: 340-346Dhaliwal, P.K., J.K. Roo and S.S. Guraya,199926162166Dhama, K., S. Mani, S. Chakraborty, R. Tiwari, A. Kumar, P. Selvaraj and R.B. Rai,2013519081919Dhama, K., S. Chakraborty, Mahima, M.Y. Wani and A.K. Verma et al.,201316101111Dhama, K., S. Chakraborty and R. Tiwari,20133170178Dhama, K., S. Chakraborty, M.Y. Wani, R. Tiwari and R. Barathidasan,20133195208Dhayanithi, N.B., T.T.A. Kumar and K. Kathiresan,201031409412Drabu, S., S. Khatr and S. Babu,20123120126Dua, V.K., B.N. Nagpal and V.P. Sharma,1995324755Durrani, F.R., N. Chand, M. Jan, A. Sultan, Z. Durrani and S. Akhtar,200824655659Elavarasu, S., P. Abinaya, S. Elanchezhiyan, Thangakumaran, K. Vennila and K.B. Naziya,2012Azadirachta indica (neem oil) in vitro: A pilot study.]]>4S394S396Tahir, A.I., A.M. Ibrahim, G.M.H. Satti, T.G. Theander, A. Kharazmi and A.S. Khalid,199812576579Elumalai, P., D.N. Gunadharini, K. Senthilkumar, S. Banudevi and R. Arunkumar et al.,2012215131142Faccin-Galhardi, L.C., K.A. Yamamoto, S. Ray, B. Ray, R.E.C. Linhares and C. Nozawa,2012in vitro antiviral property of Azadirachta indica polysaccharides for poliovirus.]]>1428690Farah, M.A., B. Ateeq and W. Ahmad,2006 Channa punctatus evaluated by cytogenetic tests.]]>364200214Farahna, M., S. Bedri, S. Khalid, M. Idris, C.R. Pillai and E.A. Khalil,2010Azadirachta indica in experimental cerebral malaria: Apoptosis of cerebellar Purkinje cells of mice as a marker.]]>2518525Garboui, S.S., T.G. Jaenson and K. Palsson,2006® Natural spray (para-menthane-3,8-diol) and RB86 (neem oil) against the tick Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) in the field in east-central Sweden.]]>40271277Gbotolorun, S.C., A.A. Osinubi, C.C. Noronha and A.O. Okanlawon,2008Neem flower extract on adult female Sprague-Dawley rats.]]>8168173Geraldo, M.R., C.L. da Costa, C.C. Arroteia and C. Kemmelmeier,2011Azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae)] oil reduction in the in vitro production of zearalenone by Fusarium graminearum.]]>42707710Ghosh, D., A. Bose, E. Haque and R.N. Baral,2006Azadirachta indica) leaf preparation in swiss mice diminishes leukopenia and enhances the antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide.]]>20814818Girish, K. and S.S. Bhat,20084102111Goswami, S., A. Bose, K. Sarkar, S. Roy, T. Chakraborty, U. Sanyal and R. Baral,20102812411252Govindachari, T.R.,1992Azadirachta indica (the neem tree).]]>63117122Habluetzel, A., F. Carnevali, L. Lucantoni, L. Grana and A.R. Attili et al.,2007® on survival and reproduction of the biting louse Damalinia limbata on angora goats.]]>144328337Haque, E., I. Mandal, S. Pal and R. Baral,2006Azadirachta indica) leaf preparation restricting murine tumor growth is nontoxic, hematostimulatory and immunostimulatory.]]>283350Harjai, K., A. Bala, R.K. Gupta and R. Sharma,2013Azadirachta indica (neem): A potential antibiofilm agent for Pseudomonas aeruginosa.]]>696265Jacobson, M.,19951995pp: 526-530pp: 526-530Johnson, S., E.D. Morgan and C.N. Peiris,1996Azadirachta indica).]]>78383388Jothi, D.,2009Staphylococcus aureus (bacterium).]]>3228232Juneja, S.C. and R.S. Williams,1993in vitro in the presence of neem oil.]]>53PL279PL284Juneja, S.C., T. Pfeifer, R.S. Williams and N. Chegini,1994in vitro.]]>11419427Karunamoorthi, K., A. Mulelam and F. Wassie,20091214953Kavitha, K., R.V. Priyadarsini, P. Anitha, K. Ramalingam and R. Sakthivel et al.,2012681614Khan, S., Azizuddin, S.A. Halim, M. Kashif and A. Jabeen et al.,2013In-vitro immunomodulatory and anti-cancerous activities of biotransformed products of Dianabol through Azadirachta indica and its molecular docking studies.]]>2013Kudom, A.A., B.A. Mensah and M.A. Botchey,2011Culex quinquefasciatus: Implications for control in anthropogenic habitats.]]>2011Kumar, S., R.P. Raman, K. Kumar, P.K. Pandey, N. Kumar, S. Mohanty and A. Kumar,2012In vitro and in vivo antiparasitic activity of Azadirachtin against Argulus spp. in Carassius auratus (Linn. 1758).]]>11017951800Kumar, V.S. and V. Navaratnam,2013Azadirachta indica): Prehistory to contemporary medicinal uses to humankind.]]>3505514Kweka, E.J., F.W. Mosha, A. Lowassa, A.M. Mahande and M.J. Mahande et al.,2008Ocimum and other plants effects on the feeding behavioral response of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the field in Tanzania.]]>2008Lucantoni, L., F. Giusti, M. Cristofaro, L. Pasqualini, F. Esposito, P. Lupetti and A. Habluetzel,2006Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae).]]>38361371Lucantoni, L., R.S. Yerbanga, G. Lupidi, L. Pasqualini, F. Esposito and A. Habluetzel,2010Azadirachta indica) seed extract on the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei in its vector Anopheles stephensi.]]>2010Luong, K., F.V. Dunkel, K. Coulibaly and N.E. Beckage,2012Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) in West African villages.]]>4913611369Lyons, D.B., B.V. Helson, G.C. Jones and J.W. McFarlane,1998Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.) (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae).]]>129115126Lyons, D.B., B.V. Helson, G.C. Jones, J.W. McFarlane and T. Scarr,1996Acantholyda erythrocephala (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae).]]>1274555Maciel, M.V., S.M. Morais, C.M. Bevilaqua, R.A. Silva and R.S. Barros et al.,2010In vitro insecticidal activity of seed neem oil on Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae).]]>19711Mahapatra, S., R.J. Karnes, M.W. Holmes, C.Y.F. Young and J.C. Cheville et al.,2011Azadirachta indica associated with inhibition of tumor growth in prostate cancer.]]>13365377Mahima, A. Rahal, R. Deb, S.K. Latheef and H.A. Samad et al.,201215754774Mahima, A.K. Verma, R. Tiwari, K. Karthik, S. Chakraborty, R. Deb and K. Dhama,2013133847Mahima, A.M. Ingle, A.K. Verma, R. Tiwari and K. Karthik et al.,201316826843Maity, P., K. Biswas, I. Chattopadhyay, R.K. Banerjee and U. Bandyopadhyay,200923747755Mujumdar, A.M., A.S. Upadhye and A.M. Pradhan,1998Azadirachta indica leaf extract on CCl4 induced hepatic damage in albino rats.]]>60363367Makeri, H.K., V.A. Maikai and J.A. Nok,2007Azadiracta indica) extract on sheep infested with Amblyomma variegatum.]]>623242327Maragathavalli, S., S. Brindha, N.S. Kaviyarasi, B. Annadurai and S.K. Gangwar,2012Azadirachta indica Linn.).]]>3110113Mehlhorn, H., F. Abdel-Ghaffar, K.A. Al-Rasheid, J. Schmidt and M. Semmler,201110912991302Mehrotra, S., A.K. Srivastava and S.P. Nandi,2010Vibrio cholera, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.]]>424732478Mishra, V., N. Parveenb, K.C. Singhalc, Nizam and U. Khana,2005Azadirachta indica on cattle filarial parasite Setaria cervi.]]>765461Asif, M.,2012Azadirachta indica against pathogenic bacteria and fungi.]]>17883Mongkholkhajornsilp, D., S. Douglas, P.L. Douglas, A. Elkamel, W. Teppaitoon and S. Pongamphai,20042 extraction of nimbin from neem seeds-a modelling study.]]>71331340Mukherjee, A. and S. Sengupta,2013Azadirachta indica (neem) useful for the treatment of diabetes.]]>28900910Mulla, M.S. and T. Su,199915133152Nataporn, S., C. Tawatchai and H. Wiwut,20062006Natarajan, V.,2002Azadirachta indica in the treatment of dermatophytosis.]]>14201204NRC,1992Pages: 152Pages: 152Nisbet, A.J., J.A.T. Woodford, R.H.C. Strang and J.D. Connoly,1993Myzus persicae.]]>688798Osman, M.Z. and G.R. Port,1990Pieris brassicae.]]>54297300Othman, F., G. Motalleb, S.L.T. Peng, A. Rahmat, S. Fakurazi and C.P. Pei,2011Azadirachta indica (Neem) leaf induces apoptosis in 4T1 breast cancer BALB/c mice.]]>13107116Parekh, J. and S.V. Chanda,2007In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of some Indian medicinal plants.]]>315358Parida, M.M., C. Upadhyay, G. Pandya and A.M. Jana,2002Azadirachta indica Juss) leaves on Dengue virus type-2 replication.]]>79273278Paul, R., M. Prasad and N.K. Sah,2011Azadirachta indica L (neem): A mini review.]]>12467476Prashant, G.M., G.N. Chandu, K.S. Murulikrishna and M.D. Shafiulla,2007Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivavius, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis: An in vitro study.]]>18148151Puri, H.S.,1999Azadirachta Indica.]]>Pages: 166.Pages: 166.Purwar, R. and M. Joshi,200442226Quarles, W.,199416113Ragasa, C.Y., Z.D. Nacpil, G.M. Natividad, M. Tada, J.C. Coll and J.A. Rideout,1997Azadirachta indica.]]>46555558Raghuvanshi, P., R. Bagga, D. Malhotra, S. Gopalan and G.P. Talwar,2011113135141Rajendran, R., R. Radhai, C. Balakumar, A.M.A. Hasabo, C. Vigneswaran and K. Vaideki,20127136141Rakib, M.A.A. and M.M. Hussain,2013Azadirachta indica.]]>415851590Rao, D.R., R. Reuben, M.S. Venugopal, B.A. Nagasampagi and H. Schmutterer,1992Azadirachta indica, with and without water management, for the control of culicine mosquito larvae in rice-fields.]]>6318324Ray, A., B.D. Banerjee and P. Sen,1996Azadirachta indica (Neem) in mice.]]>34698701Renu, S., N.K. Rakha, G. Sandeep and S.K. Mishra,2003Azadirachta indica) leaf extract administration on immune responses of broiler chickens.]]>54750Rosaline, H., D. Kandaswamy, D. Gogulnath and M. Rubin,2013Enterococcus faecalis by fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscope.]]>16352355NRC,1992Pages: 152Pages: 152Sadekar, R.D., A.Y. Kolte, B.S. Barmase and V.F. Desai,1998Azadirachta indica (Neem) dry leaves powder in broilers, naturally infected with IBD virus.]]>3611511153SaiRam, M., G. Ilavazhagan, S.K. Sharma, S.A. Dhanraj and B. Suresh et al.,2000Azadirachta indica).]]>71377382Sarkar, K., A. Bose, S. Laskar, S.K. Choudhuri, S. Dey, P.K. Roychowdhury and R. Baral,20077306312Sarkar, R.K., P. De and P.D. Chauhan,200328322331Sarmiento, W.C., C.C. Maramba and M.L.M. Gonzales,2011in-vitro study on the antibacterial effect of neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract on methicillin-sensitive and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.]]>124045Schmutterer, H., 1990Azadirachta indica.]]>35271297Seddiek, S.A., H.F. Khater, M.M. El-Shorbagy and A.M. Ali,2013Sarcoptes scabiei var. Cuniculi in experimentally infested rabbits.]]>11223192330Pankaj, S., T. Lokeshwar, B. Mukesh and B. Vishnu,2011Azadirachta indica): Thousand problems one solution.]]>297102Shokeen, P., M. Bala and V. Tandon,2009Neisseria gonorrhoeae.]]>338691Srivastava, P., N. Yadav, R. Lella, A. Schneider and A. Jones et al.,20123321992207Stark, J.D. and J.F. Walter,199543507512Subapriya, R. and S. Nagini,20055149156Subramanian, M.S. and K.K. Lakshmanan,1996Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Stem Bark as Antileprosy Source.]]>1996pp: 1143-1150pp: 1143-1150Taha, M.M.E., S.I.A. Wahab, F. Othman, P. Hanachi, A.B. Abdul and A.S. Al-Zubairi,2009In vivo Anti-tumor effects of Azadirachta indica in rat liver cancer.]]>44853Talpur, A.D. and M. Ikhwanuddin,2013Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf dietary effects on the immunity response and disease resistance of Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer challenged with Vibrio harveyi.]]>34254264Tavares, W.S., M.A. Costa, I. Cruz, R.D. Silveira, J.E. Serrao and J.C. Zanuncio,2010Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its predator Eriopis connexa (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).]]>45557561Thas, J.J.,2008266278Thatte, U.M. and S.A. Dahanukar,19971997pp: 141-148pp: 141-148Tiwari, R., S. Chakraborty, K. Dhama, S. Rajagunalan and S.V. Singh,2013518801892Tiwari, R., S. Chakraborty, K. Dhama, M.Y. Wani, A. Kumar and S. Kapoor,20132013Tiwari, V., N.A. Darmani, B.Y. Yue and D. 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