Journal of Biological Sciences1727-30481812-5719Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/jbs.2010.686.700SejianV. MeenambigaiT.V. ChandirasegaranM. NaqviS.M.K. 72010107Farm animal selection and reproduction are on the threshold of the application of new biotechnologies. Modern biotechnologies will allow advances to be made. Research into physiology and embryology has provided a basis for the development of technologies that increase productivity of farm animals through enhanced control of reproductive function. The livestock provides many opportunities to utilize these disciplines and evolving competencies. Artificial insemination, embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, cloning, transgenics and genomics all are components of the tool box for present and future applications. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate reproductive function has important implications for this diverse field. Several peptides play a role in determining the normal functioning of the neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction. Kiss1 neurons have emerged as primary transducers of internal and environmental cues to regulate the neuroendocrine reproductive axis. Leptin serves as a metabolic signal that acts on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis to enhance GnRH and LH secretion and ovarian function. Leptin effects on Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) /LH secretion are mediated by NPY and kisspeptin. In recent years, livestock productivity has been increased by improved reproduction. Various techniques have been developed and refined to obtain a large number of offspring from genetically superior animals or obtain offspring from infertile animals. 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