Journal of Applied Sciences1812-56541812-5662Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/jas.2023.143.153Carica papaya and Bridelia ferruginea]]>OmotadeOloyede OkunolaAlabi MaryAkinola SamuelOni TobiOluboyede YetundeAdeoluwa ElijahOdesanmi OlakunleAfolabi CosmasAdebo 32023233Background and Objective:Carica papaya and Bridelia ferruginea are traditionally used in the prevention and management of several diseases. However, limited information exists on the potential adverse effects of these plant extracts on germ cells. This study aimed at investigating the reproductive toxicity of the aqueous extracts of C. papaya (leaves and unripe pulp) and B. ferruginea (stem bark) using a murine sperm morphology assay. Also, the serum biochemical assay of the experimental mice was carried out using selected serum enzymes as biomarkers to evaluate the safety or toxicological potentials of these extracts. Materials and Methods: The reproductive toxicity of the aqueous extracts of C. papaya (unripe pulp and leaves) and B. ferruginea (stem bark) in male mice was evaluated using sperm morphology assay and testes histopathology at 200, 100 and 50 mg kg1 body weight of each extract. Assessment of selected serum enzymes and oxidative stress biomarkers was also carried out with the analysis of selected sex hormones. Doses were orally administered to the mice daily for seven days. Results: Sperm morphology revealed abnormal sperm cells in the exposed mice in all the doses of the extracts. However, the extract of B. ferruginea significantly (p<0.05) induced sperm abnormality in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, all the doses of C. papaya leaf extract also induced significant abnormal sperm cells. Testes histopathology showed alterations of the seminiferous tubule of the exposed mice with varying degrees and types of lesions. The hepatic damage markers (aminotransferases) and renal damage (alkaline phosphatase) significantly increased in mice exposed to the extract of B. ferruginea stem bark. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was increased in the mice exposed to 100 mg kg1 body weight C. papaya leaf extract. However, a significant decrease was observed in the catalase and superoxide dismutase activities in the treated mice. A significant increase in follicle stimulating hormone and total testosterone and a decrease in luteinizing hormone was also observed in the exposed mice. Conclusion: Therefore, the findings of the present study indicated that the aqueous extracts of C. papaya leaf and B. ferruginea stem bark could induce toxicity in the germ cells of mice.]]>Raskin, I., D.M. Ribnicky, S. Komarnytsky, N. Ilic and A. Poulev et al.,200220522531Karavaev, V.A., M.K. Solntsev, A.M. Kuznetsov, I.B. Polyakova, V.V. Frantsev, E.V. Yurina and T.P. Yurina,200238200204Bari, L., P. Hassan, N. Absar, M.E. Haque and M.I.I.E. Khuda et al.,2006Carica papaya L.) at different maturation stages.]]>9137140Kong, Y.R., Y.X. Jong, M. Balakrishnan, Z.K. Bok and J.K.K. Weng et al.,2021Carica papaya extracts and phytochemicals on oxidative stress and related diseases: A mini review.]]>2021Alabi, O.A., A.A. Bakare, X. Xu, B. Li, Y. Zhang and X. Huo,20124236272Nayak, B.S., L.P. Pereira and D. Maharaj,2007Carica papaya L. in experimentally induced diabetic rats.]]>45739743Rahmat, A., M.F. Abu Bakar, N. Faezah and Z. Hambali,2004Psidium guajava) or papaya (Carica papaya) on total antioxidant and lipid profile in normal male youth.]]>13S106S106Parker, T.L., S.T. Esgro, S.A. Miller, L.E. Myers, R.A. Meister, S.A. Toshkov and N.J. Engeseth,2010118861869Oloyede, O.I.,2005Carica papaya.]]>4379381Olajide, O.A., J.M. Makinde, D.T. Okpako and S.O. Awe,200071153160Talla, E., D. Djamen, D.R. Djouldé, L. Tatsadjeu, D. Tantoh, J.T. Mbafor and Z.T. Fomum,2002Bridelia ferruginea leaves extracts.]]>73343345Wyrobek, A.J. and W.R. Bruce,19757244254429Bakare, A.A., A.J. Udoakang, A.T. Anifowoshe, O.M. Fadoju and O.I. Ogunsuyi et al.,20162016Alabi, O.A., M.A. Unuigboje, D.O. Olagoke and Y.M. Adeoluwa,20212021Ugbaja, C.C., O.O. Fawibe, A.S. Oyelakin, I.O. Fadimu, A.A. Ajiboye and D.A. Agboola,2017Trishosanthes cucumerina (L.) and some Solanum lycopersicum (L.) cultivars in Nigeria.]]>8297309Alsaedi, S. and G. Aljeddani,20221292115Parekh, J. and S. Chanda,200710175181NRC,20118th Edn.,Pages: 246Pages: 246Bartke, A., J.A. Weir, P. Mathison, C. Roberson and S. Dalterio,197465204208Wyrobek, A.J., L.A. Gordon, J.G. Burkhart, M.W. Francis and R.W. Kapp et al.,1983115172Gornall, A.G., C.J. Bardawill and M.M. David,1949177751766Alabi, O.A., H.C. Atanda and J.A.V. Olumurewa,2022Parquetina nigrescens leaf using Allium cepa assay.]]>25914171425Mudry, M.D., A.M. Palermo, M.S. Merani and M.A. Carballo,200723246252Alabi, O.A., O.F. Olukunle, O.F. Ojo, J.B. Oke and T.C. Adebo,20222022Vegetti, W., E. van Assche, A. Frias, G. Verheyen and M.M. Bianchi et al.,2000in-situ hybridization in infertile men.]]>15351365Machev, N., P. Gosset and S. Viville,2005111352357Awodele, O., K.I. Amagon, J. Agbo and M.N.V. Prasad,2015Bridelia ferruginea (Euphorbiaceae) in rodents.]]>88998Creasy, D.M.,20022002Kasarala, G. and H.L. Tillmann,201681318Alabi, O.A. and A.A. Bakare,201479331340Li, M.H. and L.G. Hansen,1996104712722Jensen, T.K., A.M. Andersson, N.H.I. Hjollund, T. Scheike and H. Kolstad et al.,19978240594063Mahmoud, A.M., F.H. Comhaire and C.E. Depuydt,199812591599Weinbauer, G.F. and E. Nieschlag,19951995pp: 55-65pp: 55-65Wreford, N.G., T.R. Kumar, M.M. Matzuk and D.M. de Kretser,200114229162920Sharpe, R.M., C. McKinnell, C. Kivlin and J.S. Fisher,2003125769784Abel, M.H., P.J. Baker, H.M. Charlton, A. Monteiro and G. Verhoeven et al.,200814932793285Babu, S.R., M.D. Sadhnani, M. Swarna, P. Padmavathi and P.P. Reddy,2004194549Meeker, J.D., L. Godfrey-Bailey and R. Hauser,200728397406Ekong, M.B., M.U. Akpan, T.B. Ekanem and M.I. Akpaso,2011Carica papaya.]]>21822Podolak, I., A. Galanty and D. Sobolewska,20109425474Gauthier, C., J. Legault and A. Pichette,20096321344