Journal of Applied Sciences1812-56541812-5662Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/jas.2022.241.247Phoenix dactylifera L.) by Ball-Milling Technique]]>G. AlhamzaniAbdulrahman A. HabibMohamed Al-MutabaganiLaila A. Al-MutairiAamal. A. 52022225Background and Objectives: Unlike chemical methods, the mechanical ball milling technique has been relied upon because of its environmentally friendly advantages and chemical saving. This study aims to use a simple approach to convert agricultural waste into value-added materials to be utilized in water purification and treatment uses. Materials and Methods: In this work, we extracted and characterized cellulose nanofibers from palm trees (Phoenix dactylifera L.), a cellulose-rich by-product and abundant in the local environment. First, cellulose fibres were extracted from leaflets of date-palm through alkaline treatment using sodium hydroxide. Then, the extracted cellulose was directed to bleaching and soaking. The soaked-bleached cellulosic material was ball milled, via Micro Mill PULVERISETTE 7, at different grinding rates (30, 60, 90 and 120 min, at 400 rpm) without chemicals. Results: The alkaline treatment helped to remove the defibrillation due to the weakening of the hydrogen bonds in the cellulose and provided an additional process, which increases the consumption of environmental resources. TGA thermogram curve shows that lignin and hemicelluloses were completely removed under the effect of the alkali treatment of the bio-mass and no thermal change at higher milling time. The results of the XRD showed that the higher the milling rate, the higher degree of crystallinity is. The morphology of the CNFs (SEM) demonstrates fibrous network nanostructures with a diameter of 20-30 nm at a higher milling rate. Conclusion: Ball milling was found as an effective process to transfer the extracted cellulose into nanofibers (CNFs). The alkaline treatment helped to remove the defibrillation due to the weakening of the hydrogen bonds in the cellulose and provided an additional process, which increases the consumption of environmental resources.]]>Irmak, S.,20172017pp: 201-225.pp: 201-225.Arevalo-Gallegos, A., Z. Ahmad, M. Asgher, R. Parra-Saldivar and H.M.N. Iqbal,201799308318Li, G., W. Liu, C. Ye, X. Li and C.L. Si,20182018Sharma, A., M. Thakur, M. Bhattacharya, T. Mandal and S. Goswami,20192019Klemm, D., E.D. Cranston, D. Fischer, M. Gama and S.A. Kedzior et al.,201821720748Bharimalla, A.K., S.P. Deshmukh, N. Vigneshwaran, P.G. Patil and V. Prasad,201756805823Peng, B.L., N. Dhar, H.L. Liu and K.C. Tam,20118911911206Habibi, Y., L.A. Lucia and O.J. Rojas,201011034793500Sun, S., S. Sun, X. Cao and R. Sun,20161994958Elseify, L.A., M. Midani, L.A. Shihata and H. El-Mously,2019Phoenix dactylifera L.) and their applications.]]>2622092232El-Juhany, L.I.,2010439984010Alhamzani, A.G. and M.A. Habib,2021Phoenix dactylifera L.) via repeated chemical treatments.]]>553339Lavoine, N., I. Desloges, A. Dufresne and J. Bras,201290735764Zhang, K., A. Barhoum, C. Xiaoqing, H. Li and P. Samyn,20192019pp: 409-449pp: 409-449Jonoobi, M., A.P. Mathew and K. Oksman,201240232238Mathew, A.P., K. Oksman, Z. Karim, P. Liu, S.A. Khan and N. Naseri,201458212219Zhang, L., T. Tsuzuki and X. Wang,20152217291741 Okahisa, Y., Y. Furukawa, K. Ishimoto, C. Narita, K. Intharapichai and H. Ohara,2018198313319Kang, X., S. Kuga, C. Wang, Y. Zhao, M. Wu and Y. Huang,2018629542960Habibi, Y.,20134315191542Piras, C.C., S. Fernández-Prieto and W.M. de Borggraeve,20191937947Phanthong, P., S. Karnjanakom, P. Reubroycharoen, X. Hao, A. Abudula and G. Guan,20172420832093Wang, S., Q. Feng, J. Sun, F. Gao, and W. Fan et al.,2016via weak binding.]]>10298306Radakisnin, R., M.S.A. Majid, M.R.M. Jamir, M. Jawaid, M.T.H. Sultan and M.F.M. Tahir,2020Pennisetum purpureum).]]>2020Baheti, V., R. Abbasi and J. Militky,201294550Hu, Z., R. Zhai, J. Li, Y. Zhang and J. Lin,20172017de Morais Teixeira, E., A.C. Corrêa, A. Manzoli, F. de Lima Leite, C.R. de Oliveira and L.H.C. Mattoso,201017595606Terinte, N., R. Ibbett and K.C. Schuster,201189118131Wulandari, W.T., A. Rochliadi and I.M. Arcana,20162016