International Journal of Zoological Research1811-97781811-9786Academic Journals Inc.10.3923/ijzr.2008.189.202Clarias lazera) Exposed to Dyestuff and Chemical Wastewater]]>Abdel-MoneimA.M. ShabanaN.M. Abou KhadreS.E.M. Abdel-KaderH.H. 4200844This study investigated the toxicity of chemical dye
production industry wastewaters and emphasized the importance of toxicity
tests in wastewater discharge regulations. The dyestuff samples were obtained
from an untreated effluent at Kafr El-Dawar (Egypt) during 5 months from
December 2005 to April 2006. The effluent was near-neutral, strongly colored
and highly ecotoxic with a COD content of 240 mg L-1. Catfish
(Clarias lazera) were used as test organisms. The 96 h LC50
of C. lazera exposed to the effluent was found to be 35%. Twenty
eight-day exposures to 3.12, 6.25 and 12.5% doses were conducted and several
toxicological endpoints were evaluated. The predominant haematological
change was a severe anaemia. Leucocytes count increased in stressed fish.
Moderate neutrophilia and lymphopenia were detected in fish exposed to
effluent concentrations of 6.25 and 12.5%. Monocytosis was quite evident
at 12.5% concentration. Overall increases over control were observed in
serum transaminases (GPT and GOT). However, these increases were not dose
dependent. Blood urea insignificantly changed in treated fish while serum
creatinine significantly elevated after exposure to 3.12 and 12.5% dose
levels. In addition, free amino acids in flesh exhibited a decreasing
trend at all concentrations tested. Moreover, histopathological alterations
in the gills, liver and kidney occurred exclusively after treatment. Histological
analysis of gill samples revealed a range of lesions including lamellar
fusion due to hyperplasia and hypertophy of epithelial cells, subepithelial
cell edema, collapsed pillar cell system and extensive lamellar aneurism.
Liver pathologies included extensive necrosis of hepatocytes, cytoplasmic
vacuolation, distended sinusoids with massive congestion and infiltration
of inflammatory cells through out the liver parenchyma. In the kidney,
the glomeruli appeared shrunken. The tubular epithelium was desquamated,
vacuolated and often destroyed, which render the tubular system of the
mesonephros incapable of functioning properly. From the present findings,
it is assumed that under field conditions, the dyestuff effluent could
induce general toxic effects and possibly might disturb ecologically relevant
processes such as fish reproduction.]]>Alazemi, B.M., J.W. Lewis and E.B. Andrews,1996Gnathonemus petersii (family: Mormyridae) exposed to selected pollutants: An ultrastructural study.]]>17225238Alkindi, A.Y.A., J.A. Brown, C.P. Waring and J.E. Collins,19964912911305Al-Sabti, K.,200047149155APHA, AWWA and WEF.,199820th Edn.,Pages: 1220Pages: 1220Banerjee, S. and S. Bhattacharya,1994Channa punctatus exposed to chronic nonlethal level of Elsan, mercury and ammonia.]]>29265275Barton, B.A., A.B. Rahn, G. Feist, H. Bolling and C.B. Schreck,1998Polyodon spathula) to acute physical disturbances.]]>120355363Benguira, S. and A. Hontela,200019842847Capkin, E., I. Altinok and S. Karahan,20066417931800Cazenave, J., D.A. Wunderlin, A.C. Hued and M. de los Angeles Bistoni,2005Corydoras paleatus (Jenyns, 1842) (Pisces, Callichthyidae), captured from pristine and polluted water.]]>5372533Chapman, P.M., 200019313Cengiz, E.I. and E. Unlu, 2002Gambusia affinis exposed to endosulfan.]]>68290296Cengiz, E.I. and E. Unlu,2003Gambusia affinis after long-term exposure to sublethal concentrations of malathion.]]>38581589Cengiz, E.I., E. Unlu and K. Balci,2001Gambusia affinis.]]>367585Dacie, J.V. and S.M. Lewis,19751st Edn.,Das, B.K. and S.C. Mukherjee,2000Labeo rohita) exposed to hexachlorocyclohexane.]]>70169180Di Giulio, R.T., W.H. Benson, B.M. Sanders and P.A. Van Veld,19951995pp: 523-562pp: 523-562Engelhardt, F.R., M.P. Wong and M.E. Duey,1981Salmo gairdneri, acclimated to fresh and sea water and affected by petroleum exposure.]]>1175186Erkmen, B., M. Caliskan and S.V. Yerli,2000Lebistes reticulatus.]]>4257Fanta, E., F.S.A. Rios, S. Romao, A.C.C. Vianna and S. Freiberger,2003Corydoras paleatus contaminated with sublethal levels of organophosphorus in water and food.]]>54119130Gernhofer, M., M. Pawet, M. Schramm, E. Muller and R. Triebskorn,20018241260Guerra, R.,20014417371747Henry, R.J., D.C. Cannon and W. Winkleman,19741st Edn.,Laurén, D.J. and D. Wails,19901990pp: 17-57pp: 17-57Hontela, A.,1998In vivo and in vitro assessment.]]>174448Hontela, A., C. Daniel and A.C. Ricard,1996Oncorhynchus mykiss.]]>35171182Karan, V., S. Vitorovic, V. Tutundzic and V. Poleksic,1998404955Koprucu, S.S., K. Koprucu, M.S. Ural, U. Ispir and M. Pala,2006Silurus glanis L.).]]>8699105Lohner, T.W., R.J. Reash, V.E. Willet and L.A. Rose,2001Lepomis sp.) inhabiting selenium-laden coal ash effluents. 1. Hematological and population level assessment.]]>50203216Martinez, C.B.R. and M.M. Souza,2002133151160McDonald, D.G.,198361691703Milligan, C.L.,1997Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum).]]>16119128Munkittrick, L.R. and L.S. McCarthy,199547790Nigam, P., I.M. Banat, D. Singh and R. Marchant,199631435442Ortiz, J.B., M.L.G. De Canales and C. Sarasquete,2003675361Pacheco, M. and M.A. Santos,2002Anguilla anguilla L.).]]>53331347Palanivelu, V., K. Vijayavel, S. Ezhilarasibalasubramanian and M.P. Balasubramanian,2005Oreochromis mossambicus.]]>26191196Ram, R.N. and S.K. Singh,1988Channa punctatus (bloch).]]>16194201Reitman, S. and S. Frankel,1957285663Roberts, R.J.,19781st Edn.,Roy, S. and S. Bhattacharya,2006Channa punctatus.]]>65218229Sastry, K.V. and K. Sharma,1980Ophiocephalus (Channa) punctatus.]]>9425430Saxena, M.P., K. Gopal, W. Jones and P.K. Ray,1992Aeromonas hydrophila in catfish (Heteropneustis fossilis) exposed to cadmium and hexachlorocyclohexane.]]>48194201Schwaiger, J., R. Wanke, S. Adam, M. Pawert, W. Honnen and R. Triebskorn,199767586Sharma, S., S. Sharma and K.P. Sharma,200627551555Smolders, R., L. Bervoets, G. De Boeck and R. Blust,2002Danio rerio).]]>218793Srivastav, A.K., S.K. Srivastava and S.K. Srivastav,1997Heteropneustes fossilis.]]>59841846Srivastava, S.K., P.R. Tiwari and A.K. Srivastav,1990Heteropneustes fossilis.]]>45748751Teh, S.J., S.M. Adams and D.E. Hinton,1997375170Teles, M., M. Pacheco and M.A. Santos,2003Anguilla anguilla L. liver ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation, glutathione S-transferase, erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities and endocrine responses to naphthalene and beta-naphthoflavone.]]>5598107Tietz, N.W.,19953rd Edn.,Pages: 1096Pages: 1096van der Oost, R., J. Beyer and N.P.E. Vermeulen,20031357149Verma, S.R., A.K. Tyagi and R.C. Dalela,200510351357Waagbø, R., C.D. Hosfeld, S. Fivelstad, P.A. Olsvik and O. Breck,2008Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Comp.]]>149396404Wepener, V., J.H.J. Van Vuren, F.B. Chatiza, Z. Mbizi, L. Slabbert and B. Masola,200530751761Wester, P.W. and J.H. Canton,1991100115117Witeska, M.,200111366371Wojtaszek, J., D. Dziewulska-Szwajkowska, M.L.O. Ska-Gabska, A. Adamowicz and A. DzUgaj,2002Cyprinus carpio L.): Cortisol effect on the carp blood.]]>125176183Zuasti, A. and C. Ferrer,1989Sparus auratus.]]>52249255Paris-Palacios, S., S. Biagianti-Risbourg and G. Vernet,2000Brachydanio rerio (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) exposed to two sublethal concentrations of copper sulfate.]]>50109124Thophon, S., M. Kruatrachue, E.S. Upatham, P. Pokethitiyook, S. Sahaphong and S. Jaritkhuan,2003Lates calcarifer, in acute and subchronic cadmium exposure.]]>121307320