International Journal of Virology1816-4900xxxx-xxxxAcademic Journals Inc.10.3923/ijv.2009.36.43HusseinH.A. SultanH.A. EL-DeebA.H. El-SanousiA.A. 1200951Re-emerging of H5N1 severe outbreaks in vaccinated chickens housed in poultry farms in Sharkia governorate in Egypt was observed starting from October 2007 and continued for 3 months until control measures have been taken in such farms, besides multiple vaccination during this period were applied using reassortant H5N1 and 6 types of H5N2 vaccines. In the present study, 9922 serum samples were collected from vaccinated chickens including some broiler breeders and commercial layers from the period of December 2006 to February 2008 and tested for the immune response to the multiple vaccination with different H5N1 and H5N2 avian influenza vaccines (reassortant H5N1 and 6 types of H5N2 vaccines) by Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test using heterologous H5 antigen which represent non of the vaccine antigens. The samples were collected from 578 houses mostly commercial layers. H5N1 viral nucleic acid was also detected in swab samples collected from mortalities occurred in some of vaccinated birds after vaccination policy has been applied in Egypt at March 2006. The viral RNAs of the detected H5N1 circulating viruses between Feb. 2006 and Feb. 2008 in Sharkia governorate were sequenced. Results of nucleotide sequence analysis of 11 detected viruses confirm the existence and circulation of the H5N1 in Sharkia governorate along the period of study and no H7 viruses were detected. The serum samples collected from different farms were divided into 4 groups based on the date of collection. Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI )results showed that in the first group (samples collected between December 2006 to March 2007) 43% of the tested samples were of HI titers of 6 log 2 or more which we propose such titer as a protective titer against H5N1 virus. In group 2 (samples collected between April and July, 2007), titers in 36.4% of the tested samples were protective. In group 3 (samples collected between August to November, 2007), titers in 33.2% of the samples were protective. The last group contains samples collected from chicken vaccinated twice during the period of collection (December 2007 to February 2008), besides being previously vaccinated with at least 3 vaccine shots. Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) titers in such group were protective in 54% of the tested samples although these chickens received 5 doses of H5 vaccines. The present study is highlight the possible multiple causes of re-emergence of H5N1 outbreaks in Egypt.]]>Capua, I. and D.J. Alexander,200635189205Capua, I. and S. Marangon,2003Avian influenza.]]>32335343Capua, I. and S. Marangon,20061213191324Chen, H., G. Deng, Z. Li, G. Tian and Y. Li et al.,20041011045210457Chen, H., Y. Li, Z. Li, J. Shi and K. Shinya et al.,20068059765983Chen, H., G.J.D. Smith, S.Y. Zhang, K. Qin and J. Wang et al.,2005436191192Escorcia, M., L. Vazquez, S.T. Mendez, A. Rodriguez-Ropon, E. Lucio and G.M. Nava,200851515Ge, J., G. Deng, Z. Wen, G. Tian and Y. Wang et al.,200781150158Horimoto, T. and Y. Kawaoka,20053591600Hussein, H.A.,200142336Lee, C.W., D.A. Senne and D.L. Suarez,20047883728381Lee, C.W., D.L. Suarez, T.M. Tumpey, H.W. Sung and Y.K. Kwon et al.,20057936923702Mase, M., K. Tsukamoto, T. Imada, K. Imai and N. Tanimura et al.,2005332167172Stear, M.J., 2005130727727Park, M.S., J. Steel, A. Gracia-Sastre, D. Swayne and P. Palesa,200610382038208Perdue, M.I., M. Gracia, D. Senne and M. Fraire,199749173186Shortridge, K.F., N.N. Zhou, Y. Guan, P. Gao and T. Ito et al.,1998252331342Stone, H.D.,198731483490Suguiten, A.L., J. McAuuliffe, K.L. Mills, H. Jin and G. Duke et al.,20063e360e360Sultan, H.A. and H.A. Hussein,20082008pp: 4157Swayne, D.E., J.R. Beck, M. Gracia and D.H. Stone,199928245255Swayne, D.E., M. Gracia, J.R. Beck, N. Kinney and D.L. Suarez,20001810881095Swayne, D.E., D.L. Suarez, S. Schultz-Cherry, T.M. Tumpey and D.J. King et al.,20034710471050Taha, M., A.M. Ali, S.A. Nassif, A. Khafagy and E.A. El-Ebiary et al.,20082008Trani, L., P. Cardioli, E. Falcon, G. Lombardi, A. Moreno, G. Sala and M. Tollis,20034710421046Van der Goot, J.A., G. Koch, M.C.M. de Jong and M. van Boven,2005Avian influenza (H7N7) in chickens.]]>1021814118146Veits, J., D. Wiesner, W. Fucchs, B. Hoffmann and H. Granzow et al.,200610381978202Wan, X., T. Ren, K. Luo, M. Liao and G. Zhang et al.,200515012571266WHO,2005