International Journal of Poultry Science1682-83561994-7992Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/ijps.2017.354.363Phyllanthus buxifolius Leaf as a Feed Supplement on Liver Function and Haematological Response of Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Challenged with Infectious Newcastle Disease Virus]]>Wardah RahmahaniJ. SopandiT. 92017169Background and Objective: Quail breeders are continuously facing high mortality rates due to Newcastle disease virus infection. Administration of 4-6% Phyllanthus buxifolius leaf powder in the diet can decrease fat and cholesterol levels in egg yolk and increase the immunity of unchallenged quail against Newcastle disease virus. This study examines the effects of P. buxifolius leaf powder on liver function and the haematological responses of quail challenged with Newcastle disease virus. Materials and Methods: One day old quail were acclimatized for 14 days in collective bamboo cages. Seventy-five female quail with similar weights were transferred to individual cages and randomized into five groups, each group being fed a commercial diet containing either 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% P. buxifolius leaf powder. At the age of 47 days, all quail were infected with velogenic Newcastle disease virus. Haemogglutination inhibition tests were conducted on quail at the ages of 45, 65 and 80 days. Liver function tests and white blood cell and platelet counts were evaluated on quail at the ages of 45 and 75 days. Results: Supplementation with P. buxifolius leaf powder significantly increased antibody titers in 75 and 90 days old quail, significantly decreased aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase levels and decreased total leucocyte, thrombocyte, lymphocyte and monocyte counts. Leaf powders of P. buxifolius have a high potential to protect poultry from infection with Newcastle disease virus and reduce spread of the disease. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation with 4-6% P. buxifolius leaf powder does not cause liver damage or inflammation in quail and may protect against infection.]]>Lima, F.S., E. Santin, A.C. Paulillo, L. Doretto Junior, V.M.B. de Moraes, N.M.Q. Gama and R.P. Schocken-Iturrino,2004Coturnix coturnix japonica).]]>3354356Czirjak, G., L. Kobolkuti, D. Cadar, A. Ungvari, M. Niculae and P. Bolfa,2007Coutrnix couternix Japonica).]]>64589589Sa'idu, L., L.B. Tekdek and P.A. Abdu,200474309317Abdelwhab, E.M. and H.M. Hafez,2012431793208Hudson, J.B.,2009311891195Wardah, T. and S. Wurlina,200768895Wardah, J.R. and T. Sopandi,2016Coturnix coturnix japonica) diet Phillanthus buxifolius leaves as feed supplement.]]>10114125Mushtaq, I., F. Rizvi and M.S. Ullah,200626171175Fayeye, T.R. and E.B. Omole,2017136874Obianime, A.W. and F.I. Uche,2008Phyllanthus amarus leaf on the biochemical parameters of male guinea pigs.]]>127377James, D.B., O.A. Owolabi, N. Elebo, S. Hassan and L. Odemene,2009Phyllanthus amarus aqueous extracts on normaglycemic albino rats.]]>816371642Sule, O.J and M.E. Arhoghro,2016Phyllantus amarus (L.) on gentamicin-induced liver and kidney damage in rats.]]>2114117Adedapo, A.A., A.Y. Adegbayibi and B.O. Emikpe,2005Phyllanthus amarus in rats.]]>19971976Allan, W.H., J.E. Lancaster and B. Toth,1978Pages: 163Pages: 163Hashmi, K.,1999Babu, Y.H. and B.K. Panda,199310921Syukron, M.U., I.N. Suartha and I. Dharmawan,20132360368Alexander, D.J. and D.A. Senne,20082008pp: 75-116pp: 75-116Venkateswaran, P.S., I. Millman and B.S. Blumberg,1987Phyllanthus niruri on hepatitis B and woodchuck hepatitis viruses: In vitro and in vivo studies.]]>84274278Liu, K.C. S.C., M.T. Lin, S.S. Lee, J.F. Chiou, S. Ren and E.J. Lien,1999Phyllanthus species.]]>654346Saputra, K., M. Soeprapto and R. Soedoko,2000Malhortra, S. and A.P. Singh,2006Phyllanthus niruri.]]>4124127Jung, J., N.K. Kim, S. Park, H.J. Shin, S.G. Hwang and K. Kim,2015Phyllanthus urinaria L. extract on the replication of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus in vitro.]]>2015Muramatsu, K., H. Odagiri, S. Morishita and H. Takeuchi,197110111171125Adeneye, A.A., O.O. Amole and A.K. Adeneye,2006Phyllanthus amarus in mice.]]>77511514Hrabcakova, P., E. Voslarova, I. Bedanova, V. Pistekova, J. Chloupek and V. Vecerek,20142014Bounous, D.I., R.D. Wyatt, P.S. Gibbs, J.V. Kilburn and C.F. Quist,200036393396Hauptmanova, K., M. Maly and I. Literak,2006512934Montejo, J.F., J.A.B. Mondonedo, M.G.A. Lee, M.B. Ples and R.J.S. Vitor,2015Ipomoea batatas (camote) and Phyllanthus niruri (sampa-sampalukan) from Philippines in the ICR mice (Mus musculus).]]>52933Doxey D.L. and M.B.F. Nathan,1989Das, B.K. and S.C. Mukherjee,2003Labeo rohita fingerlings: Biochemical, enzymatic and haematological consequences.]]>134109121Nwankpa, P., E.N. Agomuo, G.C. Uloneme, J.N. Egwurugwu, Y.N. Omeh and G.C. Nwakwuo,2014Phyllanthus amarus leaf extract on alterations of haematological parameters in Salmonellae typhi infested wistar albino rats.]]>9712Yuandani, I.J., M. Ilangkovan, K. Husain and K.M. Chan,2016Phyllanthus amarus on nitric oxide production, lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine release from phagocytes.]]>1019351945Peavy, D.L., W.C. Koff, D.S. Hyman and V. Knight,198029583589Jantan, I., M. Ilangkovan and H.F. Mohamad,2014Phyllanthus amarus and Phyllanthus urinaria and their inhibitory effects on phagocytic activity of human neutrophils.]]>2014Papatriantafyllou, M.,20111368369Abbas, A.K., A.H. Lichtman and S. Pillai,20127th Edn.,Mahat, M.A. and B.M. Patil,2007Phyllanthus amarus in experimental animal models.]]>693336Savill, N.J., S.G. St Rose, M.J. Keeling and M.E. Woolhouse,20062006