International Journal of Pharmacology1811-77751812-5700Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/ijp.2017.762.772HassaniDanial KhalidMuhammad BilalMuhammad ZhangYi-Dong HuangDanfeng 72017137RNA editing is an important process that deaminates specific cytidines (C) to uridines (U). Wide-ranging organisms, such as plants, viruses, and animals are receiving the advent of different kinds of RNA editing. Site recognition and enzymatic editing mechanism are two distinct processes of RNA editing machinery. Cis elements and trans-factors empower the site recognition in target RNA molecule. Most RNA editing events can reinstate the evolutionarily conserved amino acids in mRNAs or generate translation start/stop codons, thus an essential process to preserve genetic information at the RNA level. Regulating gene expression in mitochondria and chloroplast is mediated by a large family of Trans-factors RNA-binding proteins, known as pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins. Notably, several critical molecular functionalities including, splicing, RNA processing, cleavage and translation are facilitated by these plant-specific PRP proteins. Functioning in synergy, these proteins has systematic effects on organelle biogenesis and therefore, on respiration, photosynthesis, plant development, and environmental responses. Mostly, PPR proteins are confined to mitochondria or chloroplasts, where they possess a unique role in RNA metabolism. It is worth to mention that correct RNA editing maintains the cell functionality and organism development and any imbalance in RNA editing machinery may provoke diseases and cancers. Recently, RNA editing has been recognized to be a potential target for therapeutic purposes and several reports targeting RNA editing for disease and cancer therapy have been documented. In this review, a comprehensive literature overview of the RNA editing, evolution and application of PPR proteins and RNA editing on gene expression, diseases, cancers and drugs has been provided.]]>Mulligan, R.M., M.A. Williams and M.T. Shanahan,199990338344Maier, R.M., P. Zeitz, H. Kossel, G. Bonnard, J.M. Gualberto and J.M. Grienenberger,19961996pp: 343-365pp: 343-365Su, A.A. and L. Randau,201176932937Aphasizhev, R. and I. Aphasizheva,20112669685Madison-Antenucci, S., J. Grams and S.L. Hajduk,2002108435438Stuart, K.D., A. Schnaufer, N.L. Ernst and A.K. Panigrahi,20053097105Simpson, L., S. Sbicego and R. Aphasizhev,20039265276Gott, J.M. and R.B. Emeson,200034499531Knoop, V.,201168567586Gray, M.W. and P.S. Covello,199376471Feagin, J.E., J.M. Abraham and K. Stuart,198853413422Benne, R.,19941994pp: 75-89pp: 75-89Ojala, D., J. Montoya and G. Attardi,1981290470474Kuhn, K., W.M. Bertling and F. Emmrich,199319017Demontis, S., M. Terao, M. Brivio, S. Zanotta, M. Bruschi and E. 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