International Journal of Pharmacology1811-77751812-5700Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/ijp.2015.309.317AminuddinFarhana AliFaisal IsmailAmin PeiChong Pei HamidMuhajir 42015114Cocoa, the fruit of Theobroma cacao plant is traditionally used in the
folk medicine as a pharmaceutical for blood pressure reduction and cardiovascular
diseases prevention. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated
receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is widely known to improve insulin sensitivity
and is thereby being used as a major drug target for the treatment of type 2
diabetes mellitus. The present study investigated the anti-diabetic/anti-obesity
effects of cocoa polyphenol-rich extract (CoPE) using obese-diabetic rats (Sprague
Dawley rats). Sprague Dawley rats received either normal diet, high-fat diet
or high-fat diet with additional cocoa polyphenols for 8 weeks. After the end
of the treatment, body weight, plasma glucose and insulin were measured. Furthermore,
mRNA and protein levels of PPARγ were measured in skeletal muscle and white
adipose tissue. Compared to the high-fat diet group, increases in body weight,
plasma glucose and insulin were significantly suppressed for CoPE-treated groups.
Furthermore, compared to the high-fat diet group, the PPARγ mRNA level
was significantly higher in both skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue for
CoPE groups. Protein expression of PPARγ in CoPE groups was also significantly
higher compared to the high-fat diet group. In conclusion, the anti-diabetic
mechanism of actions of CoPE along with metformin hypoglycemic drug is partially
attributed to increase expression of PPARγ in skeletal muscle and adipose
tissue. These results suggest that CoPE could be a useful phytomedicine agent
for alleviating insulin resistance.]]>Ali, F., Y. Ranneh, A. Ismail and N.M. Esa,20132013Ali, F., A. Ismail and S. Kersten,2014583348Ali, F., A. Ismail, N.M. Esa and C.P. Pei,20141052330Maleyki, M.A. and A. Ismail,201034111128Alfonso, J., G.D. Pollevick, A. Castensson, E. Jazin and A.C. Frasch,200267225234Amin, I., H.A. Faizul and R. Azli,200434116121Baba, S., N. Osakabe, Y. Kato, M. Natsume and A. Yasuda et al.,200785709717Bailey, C.J. and C. Day,198912553564Bisson, J.F., M.A. Guardia-Llorens, S. Hidalgo, P. Rozan and M. Messaoudi,2008Acticoa powder, a cocoa polyphenolic extract, on prostate carcinogenesis in Wistar-Unilever rats.]]>175461Cha, B.S., T.P. Ciaraldi, L. Carter, S.E. Nikoulina and S. Mudaliar et al.,200144444452Cooper, K.A., J.L. Donovan, A.L. Waterhouse and G. Williamson,200899111Dillinger, T.L., P. Barriga, S. Escarcega, M. Jimenez, D.S. Lowe and L.E. Grivetti,20001302057S2072SFurnsinn, C. and W. Waldhausl,2002in vitro.]]>4512111223Grover, J.K., S. Yadav and V. Vats,20028181100Guo, L. and R. Tabrizchi,2006111145173Holman, R.R. and R.C. Turner,19911991pp: 467-469pp: 467-469Huang, T.H.W., G. Peng, B.P. Kota, G.Q. Li, J. Yamahara, B.D. Roufogalis and Y. Li,2005Punica granatum flower extract: Activation of PPAR-γ and identification of an active component.]]>207160169Rao, K.B., R. Giri, M.M. Kesavulu and C.H. Apparao,199713335Keller, J.M., P. Collet, A. Bianchi, C. Huin and P. Bouillaud-Kremarik et al.,200044429442Kelm, M.A., J.C. Johnson, R.J. Robbins, J.F. Hammerstone and H.H. Schmitz, 2006Theobroma cacao L.) procyanidins according to degree of polymerization using a diol stationary phase.]]>5415711576Kodera, Y., K.I. Takeyama, A. Murayama, M. Suzawa, Y. Masuhiro and S. Kato,20002753320133204Kurosawa, T., F. Itoh, A. Nozaki, Y. Nakano and S.I. Katsuda et al.,2005179237246Gershell, L.,20054367368Bnouham, M., A. Ziyyat, H. Mekhfi, A. Tahri and A. Legssyer,200614125Natsume, M., N. Osakabe, M. Yamagishi, T. Takizawa and T. Nakamura et al., 20006425812587Ikarashi, N., T. Toda, T. Okaniwa, K. Ito, W. Ochiai and K. Sugiyama,20112011Otto, C., M. Lehrke and B. Goke,2002399116Pushparaj, P., C.H. Tan and B.K.H. Tan,2000Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract on blood glucose and lipids in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.]]>726976Ruzaidi, A., I. Amin, A.G. Nawalyah, M. Hamid and H.A. Faizul,2005985560Shirwaikar, A., K. Rajendran, C.D. Kumar and R. Bodla,2004Annona squamosa in streptozotocin-nicotinamide type 2 diabetic rats.]]>91171175Staels, B. and J.C. Fruchart,20055424602470Tomura, M.D.D.S., H. Takano, N. Osakabe, M.S.A. Yasuda and I.M.D. Ken-Ichiro et al.,200723351355Wild, S., G. Roglic, A. Green, R. Sicree and H. King,20042710471053Willson, T.M., P.J. Brown, D.D. Sternbach and B.R. Henke,200043527550Xie, J.T., H.H. Aung, J.A. Wu, A.S. Attele and J. Park,200230187194Xie, J.T., A. Wang, S. Mehendale, J. Wu and H.H. Aung et al.,2003Gymnema yunnanense extract.]]>47323329Yin, C.Y., T.S. Ha and K.A. Kadir,20102010Adam, Z.A.I.N.A.H., M. Hamid, A.M.I.N. Ismail, S. Khamis and N. Marsidi,201082530