International Journal of Pharmacology1811-77751812-5700Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/ijp.2009.37.43Torreya nucifera Essential Oil Inhibits Skin Pathogen Growth and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Effects]]>YoonW.J. KimS.S. OhT.H. LeeN.H. HyunC.G. 1200951In this study, the chemical composition of Torreya nucifera essential oil (TEO) and its biological activities were analyzed. TEO was obtained by steam distillation from leaves collected from Jeju Island and analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection (FID) and GC-MS. dl-Limonene (30.1%), δ-3-carene (15.37%) and α-pinene (11.5%) were the major components in TEO. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of TEO against skin pathogens have not previously been reported. Thus, we assessed the antibacterial activities of TEO using the disk diffusion method. TEO showed excellent antibacterial activities against Propionibacterium acnes, Propionibacterium granulosum, Malassezia furfur, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of TEO against these skin pathogens ranged from 2.5 to 20.0 μL mL-1. In addition, TEO reduced the LPS-induced secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, NO and PGE2 in RAW 264.7 cells, indicating that it has anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, we suggest that TEO may be an attractive candidate for promoting skin health.]]>Andrews, R.E., L.W. Parks and K.D. Spence,198040301304Baik, J.S., S.S. Kim, J.A. Lee, T.H. Oh, J.Y. Kim, N.H. Lee and C.G. Hyun,2008187479Bergfeld, W.F.,2004749297Bojar, R.A. and K.T. Holland,20023445449Cavaleiro, C., E. Pinto, M.J. Goncalves and L. Salgueiro,2006Juniperus essential oils against dermatophyte, Aspergillus and Candida strains.]]>10013331338Cho, J.Y., K.U. Baik, J.H. Jung and M.H. Park,2000In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of cynaropicrin, a sesquiterpene lactone, from Saussurea lappa.]]>398399407Cho, M.K., Y.P. Jang, Y.C. Kim and S.G. Kim,2004414191429Coates, P., S. Vyakrnam, E.A. Eady, C.E. Jones, J.H. Cove and W.J. Cunliffe,2002146840848Cosentino, S., C.I.G. Tuberoso, B. Pisano, M. Satta, V. Mascia, E. Arzedi and F. Palmas,1999In-vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils.]]>29130135Eady, E.A. and J.H. Cove,20001201209Fernandez, M., J.C. Rios, A. Jos and G. Repetto,200651515520Helander, I.M., H.L. Alakomi, K. Latva-Kala, T. Mattila-Sandholm and I. Pol et al.,19984635903595Hevel, J.M. and M.A. Marletta,1994233250258Holland, D.B., R.A. Bojar, A.H. Jeremy, E. Ingham and K.T. Holland,2008in vitro model of a tissue engineered human skin equivalent-a novel approach.]]>279110115Ingham, E.,1999Propionibacterium acnes and acne.]]>12191197Jang, Y.P., S.R. Kim and Y.C. Kim,2001Torreya nucifera.]]>67470472Janssen, A.M., J.J. Scheffer and A.B. Svendsen,198753395398Jeong, J.G., Y.S. Kim, Y.K. Min and S.H. Kim,2008221822Kim, J.Y., T.H. Oh, B.J. Kim, S.S. Kim, N.H. Lee and C.G. Hyun,2008Farfugium japonicum flower.]]>57623628Kim, S.H., Y.P. Jang, S.H. Sung, C.J. Kim, J.W. Kim and Y.C. Kim,2003Torreya nucifera against CCl4-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes.]]>2612021205Kim, S.S., J.S. Baik, T.H. Oh, W.J. Yoon, N.H. Lee and C.G. Hyun,2008Citrus obovoides and Citrus natsudaidai essential oils against acne-inducing bacteria.]]>7225072513Kim, S.S., J.Y. Kim, N.H. Lee and C.G. Hyun,200854101106Lawrence, B.M.,20051st Edn.,Lee, S.B., K.H. Cha, S.N. Kim, S. Altantsetseg and S. Shatar et al.,2007Dracocephalum foetidum against pathogenic microorganisms.]]>455357Lopes-Lutz, D., D.S. Alviano, C.S. Alviano and P.P. Kolodziejczyk,2008Artemisia essential oils.]]>6917321738Loughlin, R., B.F. Gilmore, P.A. McCarron and M.M. Tunney,200846428433Pichette, A., P.L. Larouche, M. Lebrun and J. Legault,2006Abies balsamea essential oil.]]>20371373Shahverdi, A.R., H.R. Monsef-Esfahani, F. Tavasoli, A. Zaheri and R. Mirjani,2007Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark essential oil reduces the clindamycin resistance of Clostridium difficile in vitro.]]>72S055S058Si, H., J. Hu, Z. Liu and Z.L. Zeng,2008Escherichia coli.]]>53190194Tom, W.L. and V.R. Barrio,200820436440Uribe, S., T. Ramirez and A. Pena,1985161195200Webster, G.F.,20057647Webster, G.F.,199533247253Yarosh, D.B., J.W. Galvin, S.L. Nay, A.V. Pena, M.T. Canning and D.A. Brown,2006Evodia rutaecarpa extract from traditional Chinese medicine.]]>421321