International Journal of Cancer Research1811-97271811-9735Academic Journals Inc.10.3923/ijcr.2018.21.26Alu Repeat in the Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Gene For Protection of Breast Cancer]]>TahtamouniLubna H. Al-MazaydehZainab A. Al-KhateebRema A. AbdellatifReem N. YasinSalem R. 12018141Background and Objective: Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and the major cause of death from cancer among women worldwide. Objective of the current study was to investigate the possible association between an Alu polymorphism in the Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) gene (PLAT ) with breast cancer. Methodology: Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) on genomic DNA isolated from breast cancer patients (n = 73) and an age-matched normal individuals (n = 44), a region polymorphic for an Alu element insertion in the tPA gene was amplified. Results: The percentage of normal Jordanian individuals who were homozygotes for the absence of the Alu insert (Alu/‾) was 84.1%, while 15.9% were homozygotes for the presence of the Alu insert (Alu+/+). No heterozygosity (Alu+/‾) was detected in this study group. On the other hand, 22 (30.14%) breast cancer patients exhibited the Alu/‾ genotype, 29 (39.73%) were Alu+/‾ and 22 (30.14%) were Alu+/+. The Alu/‾ genotype occurred 2.8 times more frequently in the normal individuals than in the breast cancer patients (p<0.001). Conclusion: The predominance of the Alu/‾ genotype of the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) gene within the normal group represents a protective deletion with respect to breast cancer.]]>Mu, X.M., W. Shi, L.X. Sun, H. Li, Y.R. Wang, Z.Z. Jiang and L.Y. Zhang,20121310971104Pani, G., T. Galeotti and P. Chiarugi,201029351378Lee, D.J. and S.W. Kang,2013359398Meng, X.G. and S.W. Yue,2014151024510250Koblinski, J.E., M. Ahramand and B.F. Sloane,2000291113135Parfyonova, Y.V., O.S. Plekhanova and V.A. Tkachuk,200267119134Oszajca, K., K. Wronski, G. Janiszewska, M. Bienkiewicz, J. Bartkowiak and J. Szemraj,20144128592864Janicke, F., M. Schmitt and H. Graeff,199117303312Duffy, M.J., P.M. McGowan, N. Harbeck, C. Thomssen and M. Schmitt,20142014Huber, M.C., R. Mall, H. Braselmann, A. Feuchtinger and S. Molatore et al.,20162016Kim, E.Y., S.I. Do, K. Hyun, Y.L. Park and D.H. Kim et al.,201619156162Wun, T.C. and A. Capuano,1985in vitro.]]>26050615066Emeis, J.J.,1992667249258Zhao, X.J., T.M. Larkin, M.A. Lauver, S. Ahmad and A.F. Ducruet,20172017Raigoso, P., A. Junco, A. Andicoechea, A. Gonzalez and J.L. Garcia-Muniz et al.,2000154450Ortiz-Zapater, E., S. Peiro, O. Roda, J.M. Corominas and S. Aguilar et al.,200717015731584Duffy, M.J., P. O'Grady, J. Simon, M. Rose and H.R. Lijnen,198677621623De Witte, J.H., C.G.J. Sweep, J.G.M. Klijn, N. Grebenschikov and H.A. Peters et al.,199980286294Corte, M.D., P. Verez, J.C. Rodriguez, A. Roibas and M.L Dominguez et al.,2005903340Yang-Feng, T.L., G. Opdenakker, G. Volckaertand and U. Franke,1986397987Ludwig, M., K.D. Wohn, W.D. Schleuingand and K. Olek,1992tPA) gene as a result of an Alu insertion/deletion event.]]>88388392Tishkoff, S.A., G. Ruano, J.R. Kidd and K.K. Kidd,199697759764Batzer, M.A., S.S. Arcot, J.W. Phinney, M. Algeria-Hartman and D.H. Kass et al.,1996422229Stoneking, M., J.J. Fontius, S.L. Clifford, H. Soodyall and S.S. Arcot et al.,1997710611071Bahri, R., A. Msolly and A. Kassab,20166072074Ridker, P.M., M.T. Baker, C.H. Hennekens, M.J. Stampfer and D.E. Vaughan,19971716871690Jern, C., P. Ladenvall, U. Wall and S. Jern,199919454459Naina, H.V.K., M.M. Patnaik, U.A. Ali, D. Chen and A.A. Ashrani,201028e167e168Hamdi, H.K., J. Reznik, R. Castellon, S.R. Atilano and J.M. Ong et al.,2002ACE gene is protective for age-related macular degeneration.]]>295668672Batzer, M.A. and P.L. Deininger,20023370379Rogers, J.,1983301460460Deininger, P.L. and M.A. Batzer,199327157196Deininger, P.L. and M.A. Batzer,199967183193Ladenvall, P., S. Nilsson, K. Jood, A. Rosengren, C. Blomstrand and C. Jern,200311603610Karadeniz, M., M. Erdogan, A. Berdeli, F. Saygili and C. Yilmaz,2007PAI-1 gene and Alu-repeat I/D polymorphism of tPA gene in Turkish patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.]]>24412418Al-Hamodi, Z., I.S. Ismail, R. Saif-Ali, K.A. Ahmed and S. Muniandy,20112011Leurer, C. and S.A. Rabbani,20152015pp: 139-173pp: 139-173Markus, G.,1984106170Rajendran, P., T. Rengarajan, J. Thangavel, Y. Nishigaki, D. Sakthisekaran, G. Sethi and I. Nishigaki,2013910571069Adibhatla, R.M. and J.F. Hatcher,20087243253