International Journal of Cancer Research1811-97271811-9735Academic Journals Inc.10.3923/ijcr.2016.29.39SmithLillian F. PattersonJ. WalkerL.T. VergheseM. 12016121Coconut Flour (CF) (Cocos nucifera L.) is a sweet by-product of coconut milk that has multifarious utility. The objective of this study was to investigate the chemopreventive potential of coconut flour extracts (defatted and whole) through determination of phytochemical content, antioxidative potential and cytotoxic effects on Caco-2 cells. Phytochemical (total phenolic, total flavonoid) content, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), free radical-scavenging ability of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Potential (FRAP) were determined according to standard protocols. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (cytotoxicity assay) was used to measure in vitro cell damage of Caco-2 colon cancer cells. Activity of antioxidant enzymes was determined with selected concentrations of extracts (25, 50 and 100 μg mL1). Apoptotic activity was assessed through the activity of caspase-3 and DNA fragmentation Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA). Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed through measuring cycloxygenase-2 (Cox-2). Total phenolic and flavonoid content was 55.46±1.70 mg GAE/100 g and 17.84±2.33 mg CE/100 g. The TEAC was 0.65±0.05 μmol TE/100 g. The DPPH was IC50-74 mg mL1. The FRAP was 0.31±0.21 mmol/Fe+2 g1 and ORAC was 2387.78±88.68 μM TE g1 14.13±1.25 mmol/Fe+2 g1. The LDH (%) release for 12 and 24 h was 45.8% at 50 μg mL1 and 63.5% at 25 μg mL1. Caspase-3 was 15.46±0.639, Cox-2 was 0.30 U mL1 and DNA fragmentation ELISA was 0.39 EF at 50 μg mL1. The results for the antioxidant and detoxification enzymes yielded: Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) 2.12±0.32 nmol min1 mL1, catalase (CAT) 24.65±0.40 U mg1, Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) 30.4±0 nmol min1 mL1, superoxide dismutase (SOD) 305.90±3.89 U mL1 and glutathione (GSH) 24.4±0 nmol mL1. Results of this study revealed high phenolic and flavonoid content and suggested cytotoxic and antioxidative potential of coconut flour extracts.]]>Alothman, M., R. Bhat and A.A. Karim,2009115785788Bagchi, D., A. Swaroop, H.G. Preuss and M. Bagchi,20147686973Biasi, F., E. Chiarpotto, B. Sottero, M. Maina and C. Mascia et al.,201395632640Chang, C.L. and R.T. Wu,2011126710717Crofford, L.J.,1997491519Danaraddi, S., A. Koneru, S. Hunasgi, S. Ramalu and M. Vanishree,201463439Giovannucci, E., A. Ascherio, E.B. Rimon, G.A. Colditz, M.J. Stamfer and W.C. Willett,1995122327334Griffith, O.W.,19851985pp: 521-529pp: 521-529Gustin, D.M. and D.E. Brenner,200221323348Habig, W.H., M.J. Pabst and W.B. Jakoby,197424971307139Hayatullina, Z., N. Muhammad, N. Mohamed and I.N. Soelaiman,20122012Jaskot, R.H., E.G. Charlet, E.C. Grose, M.A. Grady and J.H. Roycroft,198378688Johansson, L.H. and L.A. Borg,1988174331336Kieber, J.J. and G.E. Schaller,20142014Kim, J.K., J.H. Noh, S. Lee, J.S. Choi and H. Suh et al.,200223661662Klotz, L.O.,20142014pp: 119-146pp: 119-146Kulmacz, R.J. and W.E.M. Lands,198325531540Lamlum, H., N. Al Tassan, E. Jaeger, I. Frayling and O. Sieber et al.,2000APC variants in patients with multiple colorectal adenomas, with evidence for the particular importance of E1317Q.]]>922152221Lee, K.W., Y.J. Kim, H.J. Lee and C.Y. Lee,20035172927295Oba, S., N. Shimizu, C. Nagata, H. Shimizu and M. Kametani et al.,2006244260267Andersen, O.M. and K.R. Markham,2006Pages: 1237Pages: 1237Radenahmad, N., U. Vongvatcharanon, B. Withyachumnarnkul and R.J. Connor,200628897910Rodrigues, S., G.A.S. Pinto and F.A.N. Fernandes,2008Cocos nucifera) shell powder by response surface methodology.]]>1595100Russo, G.L.,200774533544Sani, I., C. Owoade, A. Abdulhamid, I.M. Fakai and F. Bello,2014Cocosnuciferal. (Coconut) kernel oil.]]>12230Seneviratne, K.N. and D.M.S. Dissanayake,200843597602Seneviratne, K.N., C.D. Hapuarachchi and S. Ekanayake,200911414441449Singh, R.P.,20142014Trinidad, T.P., A.C. Mallillin, D.H. Valdez, A.S. Loyola and F.C. Askali-Mercado et al.,20067309317Vysakh, A., M. Ratheesh, T.P. Rajmohanan, C. Pramod, S. Premlal, B.G. Kumar and P.I. Sibi,201420124130Weisz, G.M., D.R. Kammerer and R. Carle,2009Helianthus annuus L.) kernels and shells by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MSn.]]>115758765WCRFI.,20112011Yong, J.W.H., L. Ge, Y.F. Ng and S.N. Tan,2009Cocos nucifera L.) water.]]>1451445164Yusuh, M., N. Phochanukoon, N. Radenahmad, M. Eksomtramate, P. Ruangsri, A. Chantanasuksilpa and A. Nitiruangjaras,201032333339Zhishen, J., T. Mengcheng and W. Jianming,199964555559Zulueta, A., M.J. Esteve and A. Frigola,2009114310316Benzie, I.F.F. and J.J. Strain,19992991527Santos, J.L., V.S. Bispo, A.B. Filho, I.F. Pinto and L.S. Dantas,2013Cocus nucifera L.) and caffeic acid in cell culture.]]>8512351247