Asian Journal of Plant Sciences1682-39741812-5697Asian Network for Scientific Information10.3923/ajps.2007.611.616Ferula gummosa)]]>Afrasyab Rahnama-Ghahfarokhi Reza Tavakkol-Afshari 4200764The aim of this study was to examine whether Ferula gummosa seeds possess physical, physiological or combined dormancy. Seeds collected from Shahrekord zone in the center of Iran were subjected to different treatments. Dormancy breaking treatments were included: prechilling for 20, 30 and 40 days, exogenous application of GA3 (250, 500 and 1000 ppm), prechilling for 40 days combined with various levels of GA3 (250, 500, 1000 ppm), H2SO4 (80%) for 5 and 10 min, hot water at different temperatures (70 and 90°C) for 10 min, thiourea (3%) and KNO3 (0.3%) for 72 h. Germination of Ferula gummosa significantly increased at higher concentrations of GA3 (1000 ppm) and a longer period of prechilling treatments (for 40 days) and reached 41 and 69%, respectively. Consequently, these treatments were highly effective in dormancy breaking in comparison with other prechilling and GA3 treatments. The highest germination was observed when seeds were exposed to prechilling (for 40 days) combined with GA3 (1000 ppm) and induced up to 75% germination and suggested a synergistic response to GA3 and prechilling. Radicle and plumule length, vigor index and Mean Germination Time (MGT) were also affected through treatments. Thiourea (3%), KNO3 (0.3%) and 90°C hot water for 10 min had no effect on germination and other traits. Germination rate was positively correlated with germination percentage. These results showed that Ferula gummosa seeds exhibit both exogenous and endogenous dormancy.]]>Abdul-Baki, A.A. and J.D. Anderson,197313630633Aliero, B.L.S.,2004Parkia biglobosa.]]>3179181Auld, D.L., B.L. Bettis, J.E. Crock and D. Kephart,198880909914Baskin, C.C., J.M. Baskin and G.R. Hoffman,1992Echinacea angustifolia var. angustifolia (Asteraceae): After ripening pattern during cold stratification.]]>153239243Bello, I.A., H. Hatterman-Valentini and M.D.K. Owen,1998Eriochloa villosa) seed dormancy.]]>46526529Bretzloff, L.V. and N.W. Pellett,1979Carpinus caroliniana Walt.]]>14621622Cavieres, L.A. and M.T.K. Arroyo,2000Phacelia secunda (Hydrophyllaceae).]]>14918Chang, Y.S. and F.H. Sung,2000Rhododendron pulchrum sweet and R. scabrum Don.]]>83331337Chuanren, D., W. Bochu, L. Wanqian, C. Jing, L. Jie and Z. Huan,2004Echinacea angustifolia seeds.]]>37101105El-Siddig, K., G. Ebert and P. Ludders,2001Tamarindus indica L. seeds.]]>29271274Eisvand, H.R., H.M. Arefi and R. Tavakol-Afshari,2006Astragalus siliquosus.]]>34747752Fazly, B., B.S. Parsaei, H. Haririzadeh and A.N. Shoshtari,1997Ferula gummosa).]]>7122Gupta, V.,200325402407Hermansen, L.A., M.L. Duryea and T.L. White,2000Dimorphandra mollis.]]>28567580Iglesias, R.G. and M.J. Babiano,1997100500504ISTA.,199613299513Mackay, W.A., T.D. Davis and D. Sankhla,2001Lupinus arboreus.]]>29543548Mehanna, H.T., G.C. Martin and C. Nishijuma,1985276373Mohammad, S. and N.A. Amusa,2003Tamarindus indica.]]>2270274Nadjafi, F., M. Bannayan, L. Tabrizi and M. Rastgoo,2006Ferula gummosa and Teucrium polium.]]>64542547Parmenter, G.A., L.C. Burton and R.P. Littlejohn,1996Echinacea seeds.]]>24109114Rehman, S., R.N. Loescher and P.J.C. Harris,1999Acacia saliciina seeds.]]>27553557Rehman, S. and I. Park,2000Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.) seeds.]]>85319324Rincon-Rosales, R., N.R. Culebro-Espinosa, F.A. Gutierrez-Miceli and L. Dendoveen,2003Accasia angustissima and its effect on germination.]]>31301307SAS Institute,1988Sayyah, M., M. Kamalinejad, R. Bahrami Hidade and A. Rustaiyan,2001Ferula gummosa Boiss.]]>156972Sayyah, M. and A. Mandgary,2003Ferula gummosa root extract against experimental seizures.]]>7139143Schelin, M., M. Tigabu, I.L. Eriksson, L. Swadago and P.C. Oden,2003Sudanian savanna in Burkina Faso.]]>31605617Sharifi, M. and M. Pouresmael,2006Bunium persicum by stratification and chemical substances.]]>5695699Smith-Jochum, C. and M.L. Albrecht,1987Echinacea species for commercial product.]]>208115120Tigabu, A. and P.C. Oden,2001Albizia species from Ethiopia.]]>291120Wiese, A.M. and L.K. Binning,198735177179Zargari, A.,1989pp: 598-602pp: 598-602Zigas, R.P. and B.G. Coombe,1977Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. II. Effects of plant growth regulators and their possible role.]]>4359362