American Journal of Plant Physiology1557-45391557-4547Academic Journals Inc.10.3923/ajpp.2008.73.80East African cassava mosaic virus and Indian cassava mosaic virus by PCR in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Fields in Togo]]>AdjataK.D. MullerE. AziadekeyM. GumedzoeY.M.D. PeterschmittM. 2200832Cassava is infected by numerous Begomoviruses in Africa and India
that cause devastating losses to poor farmers. In order to identify viruses
responsible for the disease and characterize them, surveys were conducted
in all cassava production zones in Togo. The symptom severity of these
viral diseases was recorded. Foliar samples from cassava and other infected
plants were collected and analysed by PCR. The results obtained reveal
that the severity of the symptoms varies from one locality to another,
some more severely cassava infected plants than others. The percentage
of the cassava plants presenting typical mosaic symptoms varies from 55
to 85% and the percentage of cassava plants severely infected (score 4
or 5) varies from 4.9 to 36%. Molecular analyses by PCR of the viral DNA
extracted from the diseased samples using specific primers revealed for
the first time that African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) is not
the only Begomovirus responsible of cassava mosaic disease in Togo, but
two other Begomoviruses, East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV)
and Indian cassava mosaic virus (ICMV) are present in Togo. Their
incidence rates are 73.59, 44.62 and 4.01%, respectively for ACMV, EACMV
and ICMV. Mixed infections were also identified at the rates of 39.45%
in the case of (ACMV + EACMV), 1.72% for ACMV + ICMV and 1.29% when the
three viruses were combined (ACMV + EACMV + ICMV).]]>Al-Mallah, M.K., M.R. Davey and E.C. Cocking,1990Brassica napus).]]>4115671572Amooaghaie, R., A. Mostajeran and G. Emtiazi,2002Azospirillum brasilense strains on proton efflux of intact wheat roots.]]>243155160Antoun, H., C.J. Beachamp, N. Goussard, R. Chabot and R. Lalande,1998Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium species as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on non-legumes: Effects on radishes (Rhaphanus sativus L.).]]>2045667Baldani, I.J. and L.V. Baldani,200577549579Bashan, Y. and H. Levanony,1985Azospirillum brasilense.]]>31947952Bashan, Y. and H. Levanony,1989119191197Bashan, Y. and G. Holguin,1997Azospirillum-plant relationships: Environmental and physiological advances (1990-1996).]]>43103121Bashan, Y., G. Holguin and L.E. de-Bashan,2004Azospirillum-plant relationship: Physiological, molecular, agricultural and environmental advances (1997-2003).]]>50521577Bashan, Y. and L.E. de-Bashan,20052005pp: 103-115pp: 103-115Biro, B., K. Koves-Pechy, I. Voros, T. Takacs, P. Eggenberger and R.J. Strasser,2000Azospirillum and Rhizobium nitrogen-fixers and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of alfalfa in sterile, AMF-free or normal soil conditions.]]>15159168Christiansen-Weniger, C.,1997Azospirillum brasilense C3: gusA inhabiting induced tumors along stem and roots of rice.]]>29943950Chirstiansen-Weniger, C.,1998175576Cocking, E.C., M.R. Davey, S.L. Kothari, J.S. Srivastava, Y. Jing, R.W. Ridge and B.G. Rolfe,199314123130Cocking, E.C., C.A. Batchelor, S.L. Kothari, S. Jain, G. Webster, J. Jones, J. Jotham and M.R. Davey,199486772Cocking, E.C., P.J. Stone and M.R. Davey,200548888896Cocking, E.C.,2005in vitro.]]>41369373Dalla Santa, O.R., R.F. Hernandez, G.L.M. Alvarez, P. Ronzelli Junior and C.R. Soccol,2004Azospirillum sp. inoculation in wheat, barley and oats seeds greenhouse experiments.]]>47843850Denison, R.F.,2000156567576Denison, R.F. and E.T. Kiers,2004612351239Dobbelaere, S., A. Croonenboghs, A. Thys, D. Ptacek and J. Vanderleyden et al.,2001Azospirillum.]]>28871879Elanchezhian, R. and J.D.S. Panwar,1997Azospirillum brasilense on nitrogen fixation, photosynthesis and grain yield in wheat.]]>178129133Er, F., M. Kilic, A.R. Brohi and Ogut,2004Rhizobium etli strains and Azospirillum brasilense.]]>48124133Fages, J. and J.F. Arsac,1991Azospirillum and other plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.]]>1378790Fahraeus, G.,195716374381Favilli, F., R. Pastorelli and A. Gori,1993Azospirillum bacterization in field experiments.]]>123281285Gough, C., J. Vasse, C. Galera, G. Webster, E. Cocking and J. Denarie,1997Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant.]]>194123130Hardy, R.W.F., R.D. Holsten, E.K. Jackson and R.C. Burns,19682 fixation: Laboratory and field evaluation.]]>4311851207Hardy, R.W.F., R.C. Burns and R.D. Holsten,197354781Hirsch, A.M., M.R. Lum and D.J. Allan Downie,200112714841492Hoflich, G., W. Wiehe and G. Kuhn,199450897905Holguin, G. and Y. Bashan,1996Azospirillum brasilense Cd is promoted when co-cultured with a mangrove rhizosphere bacterium (Staphylococcus sp.).]]>2816511660Hoflich, G.,1999Rhizobium bacteria. ]]>1999Holt, J.G., N.R. Kreig, P.H.A. Sneath, J.T. Stanley and S.T. William,19941st Edn.,Humphry, R.D., M. Andrews, R.S. Santos, K.E. James, V.L. Vinogradova, L. Perin, M.V. Reis and P.S. Cummings,2007Rhizobium radiobacter strain used as a biofertiliser on graminaceous crops in Russia.]]>91105113Itzigsohn, R., Y. Kapulnik, Y. Okon and A. Dovrat,1993Rhizobium meliloti and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in association with Azospirillum brasilense.]]>39610615Knowles, R.,19821982pp: 1071-1092pp: 1071-1092Kucey, R.M.N.,198834735739Mateos, P.F., J.I. Jimenez-Zurdo, L. Chen, A.S. Squartini and S.K. Haack et al.,1992Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii.]]>5818161822Matiru, V.N. and F.D. Dakora,2004317McInroy, J.A. and J.W. Kloepper,1995173337342Molla, A.H., M.S. Shamsuddin, M. Morziah and A.B. Puteh,2001Azospirillum and Bradyrhizobium in laboratory systems.]]>33457463Mostajeran, A., R. Amooaghaie and G. Emtiazi,2007Azospirillum brasilense on wheat roots.]]>291239248Ogut, M., C. Akdag, O. Duzdemir and M.A. Sakin,2005Azospirillum/Trichoderma: The effects on dry bean and wheat.]]>41262272Reinhold-Hurek, B., T. Hureck, M. Claeyssens and M. Van-Montasu,1993Escherchia coli and characterization of cellulolytic enzyrnes of Azoarcus sp.]]>17570567065Rodelas, B., J. Gonzalez-Lopez, M.V. Martinez-Toledo, C. Pozo and V. Salmeron,1999Rhizobium/Azotobacter and Rhizobium/Azospirillum combined inoculation on mineral composition of faba bean (Vicia faba L.).]]>29165169Rueda-Puente, E.O., T. Castellanos, E. Troyo-Dieguez and J.L. Diaz-d-Leon-Alvarez,2004Klebsiella pneumoniae and Azospirillum halopraeferens on the growth and development of two Salicornia bigelovii genotypes.]]>446574Sadovnikova, Y.N., L.A. Bespalova and L.P. Antonyuk,2003Azospirillum brasilense.]]>389103105Saubidet, M.I., N. Fatta and A.J. Barneix,2002Azospirillum brasilense on growth and nitrogen utilization by wheat plants.]]>245215222Shaban, G.M., E.M. Fadl-Allah and H.M. El-Komy,1997Azospirillum-maize association.]]>32309327Spencer, D., E.K. James, G.J. Ellis, J.E. Shaw and J.I. Sprent,19944514751482Thuler, D.S., E.I.S. Floh, W. Handro and H.R. Barbosa,2003Azospirillum sp. in chemically defined media.]]>37174178Tripathi, A.K. and B.M. Mishra,1996Azospirillum lipoferum locus that complements Rhizobium melilotidctA and dctB mutations.]]>42503506Tsavkelova, E.A., S.Y. Klimova, T.A. Cherdyntseva and A.I. Netrusov,200642117126Van Rhijin, P. and J. Vanderleyden,1995Rhizobium-plant symbiosis.]]>59124142Vincent, J.M.,19701970pp: 1-13pp: 1-13Webster, G., V. Jain, M.R. Davey, C. Gough, J. Vasse, J. Denarie and E.C. Cocking,1998Azorhizobium caulinodans.]]>21373383Yanni, Y.G., R.Y. Rizk, V. Corich, A. Squartini and K. Ninke et al.,1997Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii and rice roots and assessment of its potential to promote rice growth.]]>19499114Zaady, E., A. Perevolotsky and Y. Okon,1993Azospirillum brasilense Cd.]]>25819823Zeman, A.M.M., Y.T. Tchan, C. Elmerich and I.R. Kennedy,1992Azospirillum.]]>143847855Zimmer, W. and H. Bothe,1988Azospirillum and wheat.]]>110239247