American Journal of Drug Discovery and Development2150-427x2150-4296Academic Journals Inc.10.3923/ajdd.2013.84.94In vitro Virucidal Activity of Hexane Fraction of Marrubium vulgare
Against Type 1 Herpes simplex Virus]]>FayyadAmal IbrahimNazlina YaacobWan Ahmad 2201332Acute and recurrent Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections remain
an important problem due to the emergence of acyclovir (ACV) resistant virus
that makes the search for novel antiviral substances imperative. The aim of
this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of hexane fraction from Marrubium
vulgare against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and to determine the
mechanism of its action. Cytotoxicity, antiviral assay, time of addition, time
of removal, virucidal activity, cells pre-treatment, penetration, staining and
thin sections by transmission electron microscope and quantitative PCR assays
were conducted to determine the mode action of hexane fraction. Cytotoxicity
was demonstrated using the MTT assay, antiviral activities were demonstrated
using plaque reduction assay and analysis of data was performed by one way ANOVA
and T-test. Hexane fraction was found to inhibit type 1 Herpes simplex virus
(HSV-1) in a dose-dependent manner. Further studies revealed that hexane fraction
inactivated HSV-1 particles directly as was verified by transmission electron
microscopy. Pretreatment of cells and penetration assays did not affect the
inhibition of the virus. Hexane fraction suppressed the intracellular growth
of HSV-1 in post-infection in time of addition (from 2-8 h p.i.), in time of
removal (from 12-48 h p.i) and inhibited HSV-1 IE, E and L gene expressions.
In summary, our findings suggest that the hexane fraction can inactivate extracellular
viral particles and inhibit viral biosynthesis in host cells. The results also
showed that the hexane fraction from Marrubium vulgare could be used
as a potential antiviral agent.]]>Akkarawongsa, R., T.B. Potocky, E.P. English, S.H. Gellman and C.R. Brandt,20085221202129Allahverdiyev, A., N. Duran, M. Ozguven and S. Koltas,2004Melissa officinalis L. against Herpes simplex virus type-2.]]>11657661Astani, A., J. Reichling and P. Schnitzler,20112011Boudjelal, A., C. Henchiri, L. Siracusa, M. Sari and G. Ruberto,2012in vivo anti-diabetic activity of wild Algerian Marrubium vulgare L. infusion.]]>83286292Camargo Filho, I., D.A.G. Cortez, T. Ueda-Nakamura, C.V. Nakamura and B.P. Dias Filho,2008Sorghum bicolor.]]>15202208Carson, C.F., K.A. Hammer and T.V. Riley,2006Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil: A review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties.]]>195062Cheng, H.Y., T.C. Lin, C.M. Yang, K.C. Wang, L.T. Lin and C.C. Lin,2004Euphorbia jolkini inhibits both virus entry and late stage replication of herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro.]]>53577583Cheng, H.Y., C.M. Yang, T.C. Lin, D.E. Shieh and C.C. Lin,2006ent-Epiafzelechin-(4α→8)-epiafzelechin extracted from Cassia javanica inhibits herpes simplex virus type 2 replication.]]>55201206Cohen, P.A., J.B. Hudson and G.H.N. Towers,199652180183Duschatzky, C.B., M.L. Possetto, L.B. Talarico, C.C. Garcia and F. Michis et al.,200516247251El Bardai, S., N. Morel, M. Wibo, N. Fabre, G. Llabres, B. Lyoussi and J. Quetin-Leclercq,2003Marrubium vulgare.]]>697577Goldwich, A., A.T. Prechtel, P. Muhl-Zurbes, N.M. Pangratz and H. Stossel et al.,201189973979Grover, A., V. Agrawal, A. Shandilya, V.S. Bisaria and D. Sundar,20112011Harden, E.A., R. Falshaw, S.M. Carnachan, E.R. Kern and M.N. Prichard,200983282289Hayashi, K., T. Hayashi, N. Morita and I. Kojima,1993Spirulina platensis is a selective inhibitor of herpes simplex virus type 1 penetration into HeLa cells.]]>77680Hsiang, C.Y. and T.Y. Ho,2008155227235Jaime, M.F.V., F. Redko, L.V. Muschietti, R.H. Campos, V.S. Martino and L.V. Cavallaro,2013In vitro antiviral activity of plant extracts from Asteraceae medicinal plants.]]>2013Kadri, A., Z. Zarai, A. Békir, N. Gharsallah, M. Damak and R. Gdoura,2011Marrubium vulgare L. essential oil from Tunisia.]]>1039083914Kanyonga, P.M., M.A. Faouzi, B. Meddah, M. Mponal, E.M. Essassi and Y. Cherrah,2011Marrubium vulgare for antiinflammatory, analgesic and anti-microbiologic activities.]]>3199204Kratz, J.M., C.R. Andrighetti-Frohner, D.J. Kolling, P.C. Leal and C.C. Cirne-Santos et al.,2008103437442Likhitwitayawuid, K., S. Chaiwiriya, B. Sritularak and V. Lipipun,2006Artocarpus gomezianus.]]>311381143Masoodi, M.H., B. Ahmed, I.M. Zargar, S.A. Khan, S. Khan and P. Singh,2008Marrubium vulgare.]]>78687Ojo, O.O., J.O. Oluyege and O. Famurewa,20093157159Saddi, M., A. Sanna, F. Cottiglia, L. Chisu, L. Casu, L. Bonsignore and A. de Logu,2007Artemisia arborescens essential oil and inhibition of lateral diffusion in Vero cells.]]>2007Shogan, B., L. Kruse, G.B. Mulamba, A. Hu and D.M. Coen,20068047404747Souza, T.M.L., J.L. Abrantes, R.A. Epifanio, C.F.L. Fontes and I.C.P.P. Frugulhetti,2007Aaptos aaptos impairs Herpes simplex virus type 1 penetration and immediate-early protein synthesis.]]>73200205Stulzer, H.K., M.P. Tagliari, J.A. Zampirolo, V. Cechinel-Filho and V. Schlemper,2006Marrubium vulgare.]]>108379384Sydiskis, R.J., D.G. Owen, J.L. Lohr, K.H. Rosler and R.N. Blomster,19913524632466Yucharoen, R., S. Anuchapreeda and Y. Tragoolpua,2011Ocimum sanctum L., Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum americanum L.]]>10860866Zandi, K., M.A. Zadeh, K. Sartavi and Z. Rastian,2007Aloe vera against herpes simplex virus type 2: An in vitro study.]]>617701773Zawislak, G.,2012Marrubium vulgare L.]]>60287292