Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances1683-99191996-3289Academic Journals Inc.10.3923/ajava.2014.37.46OskoueianEhsan AbdullahNorhani SaadWan Zuhainis OmarAbdul Rahman HoYin Wan 1201491Phorbol Esters (PEs) from Jatropha curcas seeds are known to have toxicity
effects on various animal tissues but little is known about their effects on
microorganisms residing in the gut systems of animals when the compounds are
consumed. Hence, in the present study, the effects of PEs isolated from Jatropha
meal on rumen microbial activities were determined. The rumen microbial fermentation,
enzyme activity, microbial protein synthesis, rumen microbial population and
the morphology of rumen microbes were examined in vitro in the presence
of PEs at 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6% with 200 mg of Panicum maximum as substrate.
The results showed that PEs at 1.5 and 3% did not affect the rumen microbial
fermentation activities including, dry matter digestibility, in vitro
gas production at 24 h, total VFA, acetic: propionic ratio and cellulolytic
enzyme activity (carboxymethylcellulase, filter paperase). However, microbial
activities were significantly (p<0.05) suppressed at 4.5 and 6% PEs. On the
other hand, microbial protein synthesis and microbial population (general bacteria,
fungi, protozoa, methanogens, archaea and major cellulolytic bacteria) values
were significantly (p<0.05) reduced at all levels of PEs. Morphological examination
using scanning electron microscopy revealed the aggregation and membrane disruption
of the rumen microbes. The results of this study showed that, although PEs affected
the rumen microbial activities in a dose-dependent manner with no significant
adverse effects up to 3% but the microbial population was significantly suppressed
(p<0.05) at all levels of PEs.]]>Abdel-Hafez, A., N. Nakamura and M. Hattori,200250160164Altschul, S.F., T.L. Madden, A.A. Schaffer, J. Zhang, Z. Zhang, W. Miller and D.J. Lipman,19972533893402Aregheore, E.M., K. Becker and H.P.S. Makkar,2003Jatropha curcas using heat and chemical treatments and preliminary nutritional evaluation with rats.]]>215156Chen, X.,1997in vitro Gas Production (Version 6.0).]]>Chong, M.L., N.A.A. Rahmana, R.A. Rahim, S.A. Aziz, Y. Shirai and M.A. Hassan,2009Clostridium butyricum EB6 from palm oil mill effluent using response surface methodology.]]>3474757482Chumkaew, P., C. Karalai, C. Ponglimanont and K. Chantrapromma,2003Sapium indicum.]]>66540543Denman, S.E. and C.S. McSweeney,200658572582Gomperts, B.D., P.E.R. Tatham and I.M. Kramer,20092nd Edn.,Haas, W., H. Sterk and M. Mittelbach,2002Jatropha curcas.]]>6514341440Huber, T., G. Faulkner and P. Hugenholtz,20042023172319Koike, S. and Y. Kobayashi,2001Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens.]]>204361366Laparra, J.M. and Y. Sanz,201061219225Li, C.Y., R.K. Devappa, J.X. Liu, J.M. Lv, H.P.S. Makkar and K. Becker,201048620625Makkar, H.P. and K. Becker,199981107112Makkar, H.P.S., P. Siddhuraju and K. Becker,20071st Edn.,Pages: 130Pages: 130Makkar, H.P.S. and K. Becker,2009Jatropha curcas, a promising crop for the generation of biodiesel and value-added coproducts.]]>111773787Makkar, H.P.S. and K. Becker,2010Jatropha curcas phorbol esters degraded by rumen microbes?]]>9015621565Martinez-Herrera, J., P. Siddhuraju, G. Francis, G. Davila-Ortiz and K. Becker,2006Jatropha curcas L. from Mexico.]]>968089Menke, K.H. and H. Steingass,1988in vitro gas production using rumen fluid.]]>28755Orskov, E.R. and I. McDonald,197092499503Oskoueian, E., N. Abdullah, W.Z. Saad, A.R. Omar, M.B. Puteh and Y.W. Ho,2011Jatropha curcas kernel meal on rumen fermentation in vitro.]]>10214220Patra, A.K., D.N. Kamra and N. Agarwal,2010in vitro.]]>90511520Rakshit, K.D., J. Darukeshwara, K.R. Raj, K. Narasimhamurthy, P. Saibaba and S. Bhagya,2008Jatropha curcas) in rats.]]>4636213625Saetae, D. and W. Suntornsuk,2010Jatropha curcas seed cake.]]>20319324SAS,2003Sylvester, J.T., S.K.R. Karnati, Z. Yu, M. Morrison and J.L. Firkins,200413433783384Stevenson, D.M. and P.J. Weimer,2007prevotella and low abundance of classical ruminal bacterial species in the bovine rumen revealed by relative quantification real-time PCR.]]>75165174Yu, Y., C. Lee, J. Kim and S. Hwang,200589670679Zuhainis Saad, W., N. Abdullah, A.R. Alimon, Y.W. Ho,2008Neocallimastix frontalis B9.]]>14118122