Abstract: The present study has been formulated to study the cost of cultivation of stevia to encourage the farmer regarding cultivation of this plant and also provide information regarding profitability of cultivation. Stevia become a potential and renewable raw material in the food market because the increase in the number of diabetic and health conscious individual boost up the international market of high quality stevia leaves which is a non-caloric natural sugar. Lack of information regarding the cost of cultivation of stevia specially in Indian context generate plenty of confusion with regard to cultivation of this plant and also about selection of the profitable propagating material. The present study thus concerned with calculating the cost of cultivation, return and cost benefit ratio to identify economic viability and technical feasibility of stevia cultivation through cutting and tissue culture propagated planting material. For this an experimental plot size of 100x100 m each was used for cultivation for 3 years with cutting and tissue cultured plantlets as propagating material. The cost of cultivation refers to the total expenses incurred in cultivating stevia, expressed on a per hectare basis and worked out using operation wise approach in both the cases for three years. Lastly benefit cost ratio was incurred which is the ratio of the present worth of gross costs and represents the economic viability of the two projects. From the two project it was revealed that fixed as well as variable cost was more in tissue culture plantlets propagated field but tissue cultured plants favour disease free clean cultivation with high foliage production as compared with cutting where disease and pest infection was severe. For this during three years of economic life total sales of dry stevia leaves was generate more income in tissue cultured propagule established fields than cutting propagated field. From the cost benefit ratio of the two projects it was clear that profit of the two projects was comparable with each other and was technically feasible and economically viable.
INTRODUCTION
Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, Asteraceae) a ‘wonder’ herb of Paraguay, is a gift of nature and use as a non-caloric sweetener due to sweetening property of its leaf. Stevia leaf is 30 times sweeter than sugar on dry weight basis and sweetness is due to steviol glycoside. The sweet compounds pass through the digestive process without chemically breaking down, making stevia safe for diabetic and obese people (Kinghorn, 1992). Stevia is poised for major growth in the Indian cash crop market as domestic and export demand is estimated (in 2008) to leap by 300% over the next three years. Worldwide, 32,000 ha are covered under stevia cultivation, of which China has a major chunk of 75%. The Indian farmers have also started taking up stevia cultivation following the large demand for diabetic market here. The country's total annual production is currently nearly 600 t (Agriculture and Industry Survey, 2005).
Stevia cultivation can be successful venture provided if any one is able to produce high quality leaves and at the same time produce optimum quality of marketable leaves (NABARD, 2003). It is a cash crop with low risk and can yield very high returns for three years as compared to traditional crops with careful selection of planting material. Due to increased awareness towards use of herbal and traditionally accepted medicinal plants, a very good domestic and international is coming up for the medicinal plants and herbals (http://www.agricare.org/stevia.htm). But information on the economics of production of stevia is lacking in India because the plant is relatively new to Indian market. Hence there is plenty of confusion with regard to cultivation of this plant (Kumar and Kaul, 2005) and also about selection of the propagating material. Generally stevia is propagated through cutting because seed production is problematic in this plant. However tissue culture plantlets with high production cost offer excellent quality of foliage production in disease free condition. The data on cost of production and return are of special interest to farmers since they reveal the input output relationship of their enterprises and bring out the differences in unit cost between the less efficient and more efficient farm enterprises (Roy, 2007). This would enable the farmer to choose the right combination of resources or enterprises. Adoption of technical innovation by farmers also demands precise and detailed information on cost and return. In view of the above the present study has been formulated to work out cost of cultivation and return from stevia cultivation and estimate cost benefit ratio for sensitizing the farmers of India regarding selection of planting material and economic viability and technical feasibility of stevia cultivation through cutting and tissue culture propagated planting material .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Design of the Study
The study was conducted at Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal,
India during September, 2005 to October, 2008 in the Medicinal and Aromatic
Plant’s Garden. Planting materials used in the study was stevia cuttings
and tissue cultured propagule obtained from Sun Fruits Company, Pune, India
and Hitech Agricultural Products, Bangalore, India respectively. An experimental
plot size of 100x100 m each was used for cultivation for 3 years with cutting
and tissue cultured plantlets as propagating material. Data collected form the
experimental fields were converted to 1 ha for uniformity in both the cases.
Analysis of Cost and Returns Operation Wise
The cost of cultivation refers to the total expenses incurred in cultivating
stevia, expressed on a per hectare basis and worked out using operation wise
approach. Average economic life of stevia plant is 5 years, but data was collected
only during the tenure of study, i.e., 3 years. A rental value of owned land
as one fifth of the total value of gross production was considered. In this
study the tax on land under stevia cultivation was considered nominal. The cost
of hired labour was computed on the basis of the wages actually paid and the
wage levels prevailing in India during 2005-06 were used as proxy to evaluate
the cost of farm labour. Land preparation and planting were necessary only once
due to ratooning nature of this plant. For 1 ha stevia cultivation about 45,000
planting materials was required. In subsequent times about 4500 cuttings of
stevia were necessary for gap filling but for tissue cultured propagating material
the number of plants required for gap filling was only 250. As a source of plant
nutrition about 30 tons of Farm Yard Manures (FYM), 750 kg of DAP and a good
source of micronutrient were used for excellent vegetative growth. Within one
year for 1 ha cultivation about 4 kg of fungicides were required for protecting
against fungal diseases, which generally occurred during the rainy seasons.
The annual rate of depreciation was worked out on each item using the straight-line
method and then cumulated to get the annual depreciation allowance. Interest
on fixed capital was worked out at the rate of 12.25% on the book value of temporary
stock, implements and machinery used in stevia cultivation with proper apportioning
wherever necessary. This rate has been used since it appears to be a realistic
measure of the opportunity cost of capital on short-term investment. As regards
the valuation of returns, the average of actual price received by the farmers
in different channels of marketing was used as the unit values which was Rs.
200 kg-1 during 2005-06 in Indian market.
Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR)
This is a discounted measure of capital productivity. It is the ratio of
the present worth of gross costs. Ideally the ratio should exceed one. Multiplying
the resultant number with 100 produce the Present Value Index.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fixed Cost
It is the initial cost or one time investment for the establishment of the
crop during the first year. Cost of stevia planting was highest in the first
year as land preparation and planting were only required during first year (Grow
More Biotech Ltd., 2004). Tractor was employed for thorough tillage of soil
and incorporation of FYM. Stevia plants can’t tolerate prolong waterlogged
condition hence ridge and furrow method of planting was considered to be the
best land and land was prepared with mould board plough in both the cases. Irrigation
water was supplied from existing shallow pump and total cost of pump set and
accessories were Rs. 25,000.00. Good quality planting materials produced by
cutting were of costing Rs. 5.00 piece-1, whereas price of tissue
cultured planting materials were calculated as Rs. 8.00 piece-1.
For planting about forty labours were utilized to dig pits and to plant the
propagating materials in the field of both the propagating material. So the
total fixed cost for establishing one ha stevia crop from cutting was Rs. 2,58,600.00
(Table 1) and that of tissue cultured planting material was
Rs. 3,93,600.00 (Table 2).
| Table 1: | Fixed cost of stevia cultivation (cutting: planting material) |
| Table 2: | Fixed cost of stevia cultivation (tissue cultured plantlets: planting material) |
| Table 3: | Working expenses of stevia cultivation (cutting: planting material) |
| Table 4: | Working expenses of stevia cultivation (tissue cultured plantlets: planting material) |
Variable Cost
Every year working expense was required for maintenance of the crop which
was depicted in Table 3 and 4. FYM @ Rs.
1000.00 ton-1 with a total worth of Rs. 15,000.00 were required for
applying in both the field. Though chemical fertilizers were generally not suitable
for stevia being a medicinal plant yet to maintain sustainable economic yield
DAP and micronutrients were applied after every harvesting. Tissue cultured
plants undergo sanitary treatment along with careful upbringing during in
vitro nourishment, ensuring sound protection against any kind of infection.
Hence in case where planting materials were tissue cultured plantlets there
were initially good plant stand due to no incidence of disease and pest but
at the later stage little pest and disease infection was found. In contrary
severe incidence of diseases and pests were seen in fields where cutting were
used as planting materials. There were reports of incidence of leaf spot (Sclerotinia
sp.) (Chang et al., 1997) and black spot
(Alternaria sp.) infection (Skaria et al.,
2004) in cutting propagated fields. So carbendazime were sprayed as a precautionary
measure twice a year costing up to Rs. 4,000.00 year-1 in case of
cutting and Rs. 1000.00 year-1 in case of tissue cultured propagated
field. Labour were required for weeding, gap filling, application of fertilizer
and pesticide, irrigation purpose and hoeing in case of field propagated with
cutting. So in this case for all these operations about 176 mandays were required
with total labour charges of Rs.14,080.00 during a single year. In general,
in case of tissue cultured plants in ex vitro condition 0.5% mortality
rate was recorded so only 250 plants were needed in comparison with cutting
propagated field where around 10% mortality rate was observed. Plants for gap
filling purpose would be managed from plants present in the field. So labour
for gap filling was not at all required in case of tissue cultured propagated
field. The sanitary measures registered a sound premium against any kind of
infection in tissue-cultured plants so there was less requirement of labour
for pesticide application. These indicated that in tissue cultured propagated
field about 21 mandays were required less than the cutting propagated field
with a total labour cost of Rs. 12,400.00. Other than hired labour a permanent
watchman @ Rs. 2,000.00 month-1 was employed throughout the entire
crop season in both the cases. For running the pump set 400 L diesel were required
every year. Farmer has to pay land revenue of Rs. 15,000 annum-1
for 1 ha land and this value was supported by Megeji et
al. (2005) as he also incurred the variable cost of stevia cultivation
by fixing same amount of land revenue for 1 ha land. In five years the Book
value of pump set and pipeline would be zero. So Rs. 5,000.00 year-1
was calculated as depreciation value of pump set and hence added to each years
working expense. In case of cost benefit analysis, expenses incurred were calculated
taking into account a particular year assuming that every year price of inputs
would increase by 15%. Yearly installment was calculated on the basis of 12.75%
simple interest.
Factor Cost, Product Price and Profitability
Stevia crop gave the highest foliage yield in the 3rd year after planting.
Leaves were harvested thrice a year with a gap of 4 months each (Mishra
et al., 2010). Total foliage yield varied in both the fields; for
first year production was low and total dry leaf weight produced was 1750 kg
(Table 5) and 2230 kg (Table 6) for cutting
and tissue cultured planting materials respectively. Dry foliage yield in the
second and third year were 2400 and 2650 kg respectively where cuttings were
used as propagules. On contrary tissue cultured plantlets yielded better due
to fewer incidences of pest and disease and showed good stand. After third year
the foliage yield gradually decreased and response to interculture operation
show a declining trend (Saxena and Miang, 1988). There
is a good demand of dry stevia leaf in India as well as in International market.
| Table 5: | Year wise sales of dried stevia leaves from cutting propagated field @ Rs. 200 kg-1 |
| Table 6: | Year wise sales of dried stevia leaves from tissue culture plantlets propagated field @ Rs. 200 kg-1 |
| Table 7: | Cost-benefit analysis of stevia cultivation (cutting: planting material) |
| Benefit cost ratio = 1.406 | |
| Table 8: | Cost -benefit analysis of stevia cultivation (tissue culture plantlets: planting material) |
| Benefit cost ratio = 1.308 | |
Dry leaves are purchased directly from the farm by individuals. The average market price for the last two years was Rs.200 kg-1 (Megeji et al. (2005) and in this study also this rate was considered for calculating the total sale price. As the highest production of green leaf was in the third year the value for sale reached its highest and there after gradually decreased. During three years of economic life total sales of dry stevia leaves was Rs. 13,060,000.00 and Rs. 16,26,000.00 for cutting and tissue cultured propagule established fields, respectively.
Benefit-Cost Ratio
Following efficient management practices through timely application of nutrients,
irrigation and proper maintenance both the project display prominent and attractive
commercial advantage, which guarantees significantly high economic return. The
success of such venture primarily depends on its commercial acceptance. The
issue has been addressed through cost benefit outcome analysis. Being a long-term
crop benefit cost ratio is an important financial indicator for economic sustainability
of the project. Ideally benefit cost ratio value should be greater than 1 (Science
Tech Enterpreneur., 2004). Here the values calculated for the project where
cuttings were used, as planting material was 1.406 (Table 7).
This value was less than the value calculated by Megeji
et al. (2005) where benefit cost ratio was 1.89. The major cause
for this discrepancy of result may be the cost of planting material in the present
study because Megeji used seeds as propagule. In the second project where tissue
cultured plants were utilized, as planting material the benefit cost ratio value
was 1.320 (Table 8). Profut from (NABARD,
2003) stevia cultivation is highest that can be obtained from any crop currently
being cultivated in India and being a medicinal plant coming under horticultural
crop, Stevia cultivation entitles one to tax-free returns. Though profit was
Rs. 1549 more in the project where tissue cultured plants were used as propagule
than the cutting propagated field but less benefit cost ratio value in case
of tissue cultured propagated field was due to high cost of planting material.
Though cost of tissue cultured propagule were more than the cutting but survival
percentage was more in case of tissue-cultured propagule. Tissue cultured plants
favour disease free clean cultivation, which profit conscious farmers, would
always welcome because cost for plant protection chemicals as well as labour
for gap filling and application of pesticide was nil as compared with cutting
where disease and pest infection was severe. Lastly tissue cultured propagule
produced more harvestable foliage as compared with the cutting with excellent
quality of leaves.
CONCLUSION
So from the cost benefit ratio of the two projects it was clear that profit of the two projects was comparable with each other and was technically feasible and economically viable but tissue cultured plants ensure certain advantages over cutting. The approach outlined by and large demonstrates the unique opportunity for the enterprising entrepreneurs to take up protocol for large scale tissue culture of stevia like banana, gerbera etc. as a small scale endeavor for the supply of large amount of tissue cultured propagule. In that case it will be possible to reduce the cost of tissue cultured planting material that ultimately generates more profit for the farmer in India.