Abstract:
Density (ρ), viscosity (η) and ultrasonic velocity
(U) have been measured at 298.15 K in aqueous D-glucose solutions ranging from
pure water to 40 mass % of D-glucose. These measurements have been performed
to evaluate some important parameters viz. Adiabatic compressibility (β),
molar hydration number (nH), apparent molar compressibility (φk)
apparent molar volume (φV), limiting apparent molar compressibility
INTRODUCTION
Aim of the present study is to study the molecular interaction on the physico-chemical and thermodynamical studies of amino acids in mixed aqueous solutions and the effect of these compounds on water structure. Such a study helps in better understanding of the interactions occurring between amino acid molecules and entities present in mixed aqueous medium in the living cells. Although a lot of attention has been given to the behaviour of amino acids in different salt-water mixed solvents (Bhat and Ahluwalia, 1985; Wadi and Goyal, 1992; Ogawa and Suji, 1987) very few studies have been carried out on amino acids in (carbohydrate and water) mixtures (Parfenyuk et al., 2004) probably due to the complex nature of their interactions. Information has been obtained about the interactions between carbohydrates and proteins from x-ray crystallography (Newcomer et al., 1981), NMR spectra, computer calculation (Bock et al., 1985), chromatography data (Ogawa and Suji, 1987) and kinetic studies (Miller et al., 1983, 1980). However, thermodynamic studies of these compounds in solutions are rare.
Therefore, the study of carbohydrate-protein interactions is very important for immunology, biosynthesis, pharmacology and medicine (Parfenyuk et al., 2004). In addition to their importance to the food and pharmaceutical industries, the simple saccharides have received considerable attention for their ability to protect biological molecules and structures against the stresses induced by freezing and drying process and during subsequent storage. Polyhydroxy compounds are well-known stabilizing agents for the native state of proteins/enzymes. Stabilizing potency of polyols and saccharides are related to the number or configuration of the hydroxy groups. These considerations led us to undertake the study of amino acids L-serine, L-glutamine and L-asparagine in concentration range from (0.02 to 0.1 m) in mass percentage of aqueous D-glucose solutions ranges from 0 to 40% by 10% increments at 298.15 K.
In this study, we report the values of Density, viscosity and Ultrasonic velocity
of 0.02 to 0.1 molality of L-serine, L-glutamine and L-asparagine in aqueous
D-glucose solutions at 298.15 K. Various physical and thermodynamical parameters
like adiabatic compressibility (β), molal hydration number (nH),
apparent molar compressibility (φk), apparent molar volume (φv),
limiting apparent molar compressibility
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Analytical (AR) reagent grade with minimum assay of 99.9% of L-serine, L-glutamine, L-asparagine and D-glucose were obtained from Emerck Germany and SD. Fine Chemicals India was used as such without further purification. Water used in the experiments was deionised and distilled and was degassed prior to making solutions. Solutions of D-glucose were prepared by mass and used on the day they were prepared. The mass percentage of D-glucose in these solutions ranged from 0 to 40% by 10% increments. The density was determined using a specific gravity bottle by relative measurement method with an accuracy of ±0.01 kg m-3. The weight of the sample was measured using electronic digital balance with an accuracy of ±0.1 mg (Model: SHIMADZU AX 200). An Ostwalds Viscometer (10 mL capacity) was used for the viscosity measurement and Efflux time was determined using a digital Chronometer to within ±0.0 1 s. An ultrasonic interferometer having the frequency 3 MHz (MITTAL ENTERPRISES, NEW DELHI, MODEL F-81) with an overall accuracy of ±0.1% has been used for velocity measurement. An electronically digital operated constant temperature bath (RAAGA Industries) has been used to circulate water through the double walled measuring cell made up of steel containing the experimental solution at the desired temperature. The accuracy in the temperature measurement is ±0.1 K.
Theory and Calculations
Using the measured data, the following acoustical and thermodynamical parameters
have been calculated using the standard relations.
(1) |
Molal hydration number has been computed using the relation
(2) |
Where:
β and β0 | = | Adiabatic compressibilities of solution and solvent, respectively |
n1 and n2 | = | Number of moles of solvent and solute, respectively |
The apparent molar compressibility has been calculated from relation.
(3) |
Where, β, ρ and β0, ρ0 are the adiabatic compressibility and density of solution and solvent, respectively, m is the molar concentration of the solute and M the molecular mass of the solute. φk results can be fitted by the equation:
(4) |
Where:
= | The limiting apparent molar compressibility at infinite dilution | |
Sk | = | A constant |
The apparent molar volume φv has been calculated using the relation:
(5) |
The apparent molar volume φv has been found to differ with concentration according to Masson (1929) empirical relation as:
(6) |
Where:
= | The limiting apparent molar volume at infinite dilution | |
Sv | = | A constant and these values were determined by least-square method |
Transfer volumes of each amino acid,
(7) |
The importance of viscometric study of electrolyte solution in mixed solvent systems is well established (Chauhan et al., 2002; Patial et al., 2002). The entire viscosity data have been analysed in the light of Jones-Dole semi empirical equation (Jones and Dole, 1929).
(8) |
Where:
η and η0 | = | The viscosities of the solution and solvent, respectively |
m | = | The molar concentration of the solute-solvent system |
A and B are constants which are definite for a solute-solvent system. A is known as the Falkenhagen coefficient which characterises the ionic interaction and B is the Jones-Dole or Viscosity B-coefficient which depends on the size of the solute and the nature of solute-solvent interactions.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From the experimental values of density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity
some acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β), hydration
number (nH), the apparent molar compressibility (φk),
apparent molar volume (φv), limiting apparent molar compressibility
In all the three systems the values of adiabatic compressibility Table 2 decrease with increase in concentration of solute (amino acids) as well as increase in concentration of D-glucose in water. The decrease in adiabatic compressibility is attributed to the influence of the electrostatic field of ions (NH3+ and COO) on the surrounding solvent molecules so called electrostriction. The magnitude of β values are larger in L-serine than other two amino acids. The larger β values which show molecular association/interaction is greater in L-serine than that of other two amino acids. Amino acid molecules of neutral solution exist in the dipolar form and thus have stronger interaction with the surrounding water molecules. The increasing electrostrictive compression of water around the molecules results in a large decrease in the compressibility of solutions.
The interaction between the solute and the water molecules present in the solvent is said to be hydration. From the Table 2 it is observed that the values of nH are positive in all systems studied and such positive values of nH indicate an appreciable solvation of solutes. The values of nH are found to increase with increasing the content of L-serine but it decreases in L-glutamine and L-asparagine. Further, these values decrease with rising of D-glucose content in all the three systems studied. The decreasing values of nH which indicate the increase in solute-co-solute interaction with the increase in D-glucose concentration leading to the reduction in the electrostriction. This shows that D-glucose has a dehydration effect on the amino acids.
Table 1: | Values of density (ρ) viscosity (η) and ultrasonic velocity (U) of amino acids in aqueous D-glucose solutions at 298.15 K |
Table 2: | Values of adiabatic compressibility (β) and hydration number (nH) of amino acids in aqueous D-glucose solutions at 298.15 K |
Table 3: | Values of apparent molal compressibility (φK) and apparent molal volume (φV) of amino acids in aqueous D-glucose solutions at 298.15 K |
The following observations have been made on apparent molar compressibility (φk) and apparent molar volume (φv) (Table 3) of the amino acids in aqueous D-glucose solution.
• | The values of φk and φv are all negative over the entire range of molality and these values decrease with increasing of L-serine content in system I but it found to increase in other two systems of L-glutamine and L-asparagine. Further, these values increase with the increasing concentration of aqueous D-glucose solution. |
• | The maximum φK and-φv is recorded for L-serine irrespective of molality in aqueous D-glucose solutions. |
Table 4: | Values of limiting apparent molar compressibility (φK0), limiting apparent molar volume (φV0) and their constants SK and SV, transfer volumes(ΔVφ0) and A and B coefficients of Jones-Dole equation of amino acids in aqueous D-glucose solutions at 298.15 K |
The above observations clearly suggest that the negative values of φk and φv in all systems indicate the presence of solute-solvent interactions. The negative values of φk indicate hydrophilic and ionic interactions occurring in these systems. Since, more number of water molecules are available at lower concentration of D-glucose, the chances for the penetration of solute molecules into the solvent molecules is highly favoured. The observed behaviour of φk reveals that strengthening of the solute-solvent interaction in all systems studied. The decrease in φv is due to strong ion-ion interaction and vice-versa. The negative values of φv indicate electrostrictive solvation of ions. From the magnitude of φv, it can be concluded that stronger molecular association is found in L-serine than other two amino acids and hence L-serine is a more effective structure maker.
The values of
The volume behaviour of a solute at infinite dilution is satisfactorily represented
by
Fig. 1: | Transfer volumes ΔVφ0 vs mass percentage of D-glucose at 298.15K |
Further
• | Hydrophilic- ionic interactions between the OH group of carbohydrate and Zwitterionic centres of the amino acids. |
• | Hydrophilic-hydrophilic interactions between the OH group of the carbohydrate molecules and OH group of the amino acids. |
• | Hydrophilic-hydrophobic interactions between the OH group of the carbohydrate molecules and the non-polar side group of the amino acids. |
• | Hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions between the non polar side groups of the carbohydrate molecules and the amino acids. |
The
Table 4 shows that the values of the A coefficient either negative or positive for all amino acids over the entire composition range of aqueous D-glucose at 298.15 K indicating the presence of solute-solute interactions. The values of the B-coefficient for all the amino acids in aqueous D-glucose solutions are positive indicating that the ion-solvent interactions are stronger. So they behave as structure makers. Further, the values of B-coefficient increase with increasing of D-glucose content in L-serine which suggests that solute-solvent interactions are stronger than other two amino acids.
CONCLUSION
In summary, volume and compressibility data have been determined for L-serine,
L-glutamine and L-asparagine in aqueous D-glucose solution at 298.15 K and the
results have been used to study the molecular interaction in the solutions.
From the magnitude of φv and the values of B-coefficient it
can be concluded that L-serine posses greater molecular association than the
other two amino acids in aqueous D-glucose solutions. The transfer volume