Abstract: This research attempts to investigate the influence of N, P and K on chlorophyll, carbohydrate, proteins and sapogenin contents of Asparagus racemosus (Willd.). The treatment consisted different concentrations of nitrogen (N 20, N 40, N 80 and N 160 mg kg-1), phosphorus (P 20, P 40, P 80 and P 160 mg kg-1) and potassium (K 40, K 80 and K 160 mg kg-1) in the form of Urea (46%, H2NCONH2), superphosphate (16%, P2O5) and muriate of potash (60% K2O), respectively. A significant increase in the chlorophyll content was recorded with all the applications of N, P and K. Root protein and carbohydrate contents were found linearly increase with K treatment while a slight decline was found with the higher dosage of N. Root sapogenin content was 1.66, 1.87 and 1.75 folds higher than the control with N, P and K, respectively. Application of Phosphorus was found to be best for growth and biochemical contents of root tuber.
INTRODUCTION
Agricultural production can be associated with the extent to which farmer are able to effectively and suitably combine the production factors. One of the most critical aspects of optimizing crop growth is plant nutrition (USDA, 2002; Aiyelaegbe et al., 2005). Medicinal plants are the nature`s gift to human being to make disease free healthy life. It plays a vital role to preserve our health. The genus, Asparagus consists of herbs, shrubs and vines that are widespread all over the World and represents highly valuable plant species having therapeutical and nutraceutical importance in addition to being consumed as food (Shasany et al., 2003). Asparagus racemosus (locally known as Shatavari) is one of the important medicinal plants extensively used by the traditional practioners in India for its medicinal value. The leaves and the tuberous roots of Asparagus are medically important to cure minor to severe disease. Asparagus racemosus is distributed throughout tropical and sub-tropical parts of India up to an altitude of 1500 m (Velavan et al., 2007). The healing qualities of Shatavari are useful to a wide array of ailments. Being a rasayana or rejuvenating herb, its restorative action is beneficial in woman`s complaints. Asparagus racemosus is mainly known for its phytoestrogenic properties. With an increasing realization that hormone replacement therapy with synthetic oestrogens is neither as safe nor as effective as previously envisaged, the interest in plant-derived oestrogens has increased tremendously making Asparagus racemosus particularly important (Bopana and Saxena, 2007). Roots of A. racemosus were found to possess antioxidant and anti-ADH activity (Kamat et al., 2000; Wiboonpun et al., 2004), antitumour and anticancer activity (Senna et al., 1993; Shao et al., 1996; Diwanay et al., 2004), anti-ulcerogenic activity (Datta et al., 2002), anti-inflammatory activity (Mandal et al., 1998) and antimicrobial activity (Mandal et al., 2000).
Most of the herbal medicine available is derived from the roots of the plant. The commercial success largely depends on quality and yield of root, which is the product of commerce. Among factors responsible for the low yield is low soil fertility, as most tropical soils are deficient in essential nutrients particularly N and P (Jones and Wild, 1975). Poor availability of nutrients in soluble form in the arid and semi-arid soils is the most important limiting factor as compared to that of moist areas. It has been suggested that organic manure should be used in place of chemical fertilizer to avoid long term negative effects of chemical fertilizers on the soil (Parr et al., 1990). However, organic manure is usually required in large quantity to sustain crop production and may not be available to the small-scale farmers (Nyathi and Campbell, 1995), hence the need for inorganic fertilizer. The positive effect of the application of inorganic nutrients on the crop yield and yield improvement has been reported by Carasky and Iwuafor (1999). N, P and K are among the common major nutrients, which are essential for the growth and development of all the plant species. There are various ways for improving yield and quality of Asparagus but the best way to improve yield and quality is to apply appropriate amount of fertilizers and to select high yielding varieties. Buries (1959) stated that nitrogen has stimulating effect on root activity and rooting pattern of the crop. It has also been reported available nitrogenous compounds allowed seedling to make a good start. Phosphorus is a major component of important metabolic structure involved in energy utilization and storage mechanism. This is also essential for carbon metabolism which increases the biomass production, its partitioning and ultimately the yield of crop plants (Blevins, 1994). Application of Potassium in different forms has also found to influence plant yield and its chlorophyll contents (Chapagain and Wiesman, 2004).
Balanced fertilizer nutrients can also play a vital role in sustaining high yield of medicinal plants as well as maintaining fertility status of soils on long-term basis. The present investigation was undertaken with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium to investigate their effects on growth and biochemical contents of root tubers of Asparagus racemosus Willd.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted at the Medicinal Plant Nursery, Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur during August, 2004 to January, 2005. Three month-old healthy and uniform sized seedlings of Asparagus racemosus Willd. were taken for the present study. Ten replicates were taken for each set of experiment and were conducted in 30 cm earthen pots filled with approximately 4 kg soil (soil: silt: clay, 1:1:1). Plants were irrigated to 50-60% of the field capacity. Different concentrations of nitrogen (N 20, N 40, N 80 and N 160 mg kg-1), phosphorus (P 20, P 40, P 80 and P 160 mg kg-1) and potassium (K 40, K 80 and K 160 mg kg-1) were employed in the form of Urea (46%, H2NCONH2), superphosphate (16%, P2O5) and muriate of potash (60% K2O), respectively. The amount of N, P and K was calculated in these compounds on the basis of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively. Nutrients were properly mixed with 4 kg of soil on the blotter paper and then transferred to the 30 cm earthen pots. Plants were harvested in general by uprooting. Fresh weight of aboveground and underground parts was taken just after harvest. The length of shoot and root tubers was also measured. Dry weight was determined after drying the plants in oven at 60 ± 2 °C, till the weight became constant. The dried samples were ground by grinding machine and stored in paper bags for biochemical analysis. Chlorophyll content in fresh leaves was estimated following the method of Arnon (1949) using 80% acetone and absorbance was read at 663 and 645 nm. Carbohydrate contents were estimated following Roe (1955) method using Anthrone reagent. Protein contents were estimated following Bradford (1976) and Sapogenin contents were analyzed following method described by Bhagat and Jadeja (2003) using Liberman-Burchard reagent. Yield-contributing parameters including height, fresh and dry weight of both aboveground and underground parts of the plant was also recorded. The data is represented as Mean ± SEM (Standard error of mean) of five replicates.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Different forms of inorganic fertilizer in different dosages had a significant effect on all the tested biochemical contents of Asparagus racemosus (Willd.). Yield-contributing parameters were also significantly influenced.
Effect of Nitrogen
N favours maximum chlorophyll biosynthesis. Highest concentration of N (160
mg kg-1) increased the chlorophyll content two fold (3.119 mg g-1)
over the control plants. All other biochemical contents were also increased
significantly with the N treatment compared to control plants (Table
1). A gradual increase in carbohydrate (69.35 mg g-1), protein
(10.83 mg g-1) and sapogenin (0.313 mg g-1) contents was
recorded with the increasing concentration of N upto 80 mg kg-1,
which also favoring by maximum biomass accumulation 29.25 and 12.44% in both
aboveground and underground parts, respectively. Application of 80 mg kg-1
N was found more effective for development of root tuber of Asparagus
as observed in present study is in the relation with the findings of Hossain
et al. (2006) and Krarup et al. (2002), that 50 kg N ha-1
was enough rather than applying higher concentration of nitrogen such as 100,
150 and 200 kg N ha-1. This is due to the fact that higher concentrations
of N ion in the soil limit the uptake of other essential macro and micronutrients
by the plant. Paschold et al. (1999) reported
that excessive N supply can result in less vigorous spears of Asparagus
while N deficiency reduces quality. A slight decline in shoot length was recorded
with 20 mg kg-1 concentration of N, but no in hibitory effect on
shoot biomass was observed. Influence of N on photosynthetic capacity of plants
may be due to the content of activated RUBISCO (Jia and Gray,
2004). The results are in agreement with the findings of Hussain
et al. (2006) and Nicola (2000) that increasing
concentration of nitrogen beyond optimum level did not increase root number
and root weight. Nitrogen is the most important inorganic nutrient in plants
and major constituents of proteins, nucleic acids, many cofactors and secondary
metabolites (Marschner, 1995). NO3–
addition also modifies resource allocation, growth and development by modulating
root-shoot allocation (Scheible et al., 1997;
Stitt and Krapp, 1999) and promoting flowering and tuber
initiation (Marschner, 1995).
Effect of Phosphorus
Super phosphate, as the source of P showed significant promotory effect
on plant growth and its biomass over the control plants. Chlorophyll concentration
was significantly increased with all the concentrations of P and found maximum
(2.905 mg g-1) in plants given 160 mg kg-1 P. A linear
increase was recorded in the carbohydrate and protein contents with the increasing
concentration of P. Maximum carbohydrate (70.17 mg g-1) and protein
(10.69 mg g-1) contents were recorded at 160 mg kg-1 P
and sapog55230_jaenin contents were also found to be higher (0.352 mg g-1)
at the same concentration. The results are in agreement with Xue
et al. (1992) that higher dose of phosphorus favored the high yield
of asparagus. Phosphorus is most important nutrient element for improving photosynthetic
rates, which depends on several factors including nutrient supply (Bisht
and Chandel, 1991). Height of plant was also influenced positively with
P application, supported by its biomass (Table 2). P supply
can modulate the content of activated RUBISCO either directly or indirectly
(Usuda and Shimogawara, 1991; Rao
and Terry, 1995; Pieters et al., 2001) and
influencing photosynthetic activity of plant.
Effect of Potassium
Although Rajasthan soil are not significantly deficient in Potassium but
the addition of K as muriate of potash upto the level of 160 mg kg-1
increased chlorophyll concentration (2.604 mg g-1), which resulted
in increased sapogenin contents (0.329 mg g-1) in root tubers over
the control plants (0.188 mg g-1) (Table 3). However,
maximum chlorophyll a:b ratio was recorded in control plants. It has been studied
that potassium in different forms influenced the plant yield and its chlorophyll
contents (Chapagain and Wiesman, 2004) also. Carbohydrate
(66.81 mg g-1) and protein (10.37 mg g-1) contents were
also found maximum at 160 mg kg-1 K.
| Table 1: | Effect of different doses of nitrogen fertilizer on the leaf chlorophyll, root protein, carbohydrate, sapogenin, plant height and percentage dry weight of Asparagus racemosus |
| **Significant at 5% level of probability, *Significant at 1% level of probability | |
| Table 2: | Effect of different doses of phosphorus fertilizer on the leaf chlorophyll, root protein, carbohydrate, sapogenin, plant height and percentage dry weight of Asparagus racemosus |
| **Significant at 5% level of probability, *Significant at 1% level of probability | |
| Table 3: | Effect of different doses of potassium fertilizer on the leaf chlorophyll, root protein, carbohydrate, sapogenin, plant height and percentage dry weight of Asparagus racemosus |
| **Significant at 5% level of probability, *Significant at 1% level of probability | |
The endogenous level of plant growth regulators also affects all the uptake and utilization of minerals. The active principles or precursors are synthesized in the leaves, translocated, biosynthesised and stored in root tubers. A large proportion of leaf photosynthates are required for the growth and development of tuberous root. The rate and amount of photosynthate produced by the leaves and the proportion of photosynthate that is translocated greatly influence size, yield, development and growth of tuber as well as secondary metabolite accumulation. This transport and partitioning of leaf assimilate to the sink tuber is one of the important factors controlling productivity. However from the present study, we concluded that treatment with N P K fertilizer could improve the biochemical status of the plant. Chlorophyll content was found to be improved best with the application of nitrogen at its highest tested concentration and medicinally important saponins are improved with Phosphorus application. Steroidal saponins are a diverse class of secondary metabolites that are structurally constructed of aglycones (Sapogenins) and sugars (glucose/rhamnose).
Asparagus racemosus contains several steroidal saponin glycosides i.e. Shatavarin I-IV. I, II and IV are derived from a common aglycone moiety, Sarsapogenin. Recently, Patricia et al. (2008) reported five new steroidal saponins, Shatavarin VI-X from the roots. An appropriate hydrolysis of saponin yield sugars and aglycone moiety sarsapogenin. A correlation between sugar and sapogenin contents was observed in the present study.
Applications of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are closely related with the yield of Asparagus racemosus. Highest root growth in terms of percentage dry weight was observed in plants treated with P, which was further supported by its root sapogenin content. Increase in root growth in all the tested plants is closely associated with biochemical attributes. Compared to control plants root sapogenin content was 1.66, 1.87 and 1.75 folds higher with N, P and K, respectively. Positive correlation between root growth and these parameters could possibly be used for production of high quality plants, as root tubers are the commercial product of interest. Also the estimation of these biochemical attributes under different treatments is informative for finding the best fertilizer nutrition required for the production of its active ingredient. Proteins, carbohydrates, chlorophyll being the direct gene product reflect the genomic composition of cultivars accurately and therefore ideal for finding distinctness. The study therefore has provided NPK fertilization requirement for best growth of such a potential plant commonly used in herbal medicine. The result of this study also showed that there might be differential genotype response to different fertilizer applications, hence the need to determine the fertilizer requirement of the individual genotypes before applying to field production.