HOME JOURNALS CONTACT

Pakistan Journal of Nutrition

Year: 2015 | Volume: 14 | Issue: 8 | Page No.: 447-452
DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2015.447.452
Caffeine Content in Beverages Commonly Consumed in Jordan
Shatha Hammad, Reema Tayyem and Abdulrahman O. Musaiger

Abstract: This study aimed to determine caffeine levels in beverages commonly consumed in Jordan. A total sample of 167 caffeinated products were collected from the market in Amman city (the capital of Jordan) and prepared according to the label instructions. Caffeine content was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Samples were analyzed in triplicate. Caffeine concentration ranged from 12.37 to 194.61 mg/100 ml in coffee samples, 2.57 to 16.11 mg/100 ml in tea, 3.46 to 19.06 mg/100 ml in cocoa and 10.15 to 32.56 mg/100 ml in energy and soft drinks. Expresso coffee and Turkish coffee had the highest content of caffeine among all beverages studied (194.6 and 146.6 mg/100 ml, respectively). This is the first study to investigate caffeine contents in wide types of beverages in the Arab world. The findings of this study are useful for nutrition education, both to control caffeine intake and to establish safe limits of caffeine in beverages consumed in Jordan.

Fulltext PDF

How to cite this article
Shatha Hammad, Reema Tayyem and Abdulrahman O. Musaiger, 2015. Caffeine Content in Beverages Commonly Consumed in Jordan. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 14: 447-452.

Keywords: Caffeine content, beverages, food composition and Jordan

REFERENCES

  • Al-Faris, N.A., 2009. Assessment of intake of caffeine in random population in Riyadh and its levels in some food by HPLC. Emirat. J. Food Agric., 21: 21-31.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Al-Hazzaa, H.M. and A.O. Musaiger, 2011. Arab Teens Lifestyle Study (ATLS): Objectives, design, methodology and implications. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obesity, 4: 417-426.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Al-Hazzaa, H.M., N.A. Abahussain, H.I. Al-Sobayel, D.M. Qahwaji and A.O. Musaiger, 2011. Physical activity, sedentary behaviors and dietary habits among Saudi adolescents relative to age, gender and region. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., Vol 8.
    CrossRef    


  • Attila, S. and B. Cakir, 2011. Energy-drink consumption in college students and associated factors. Nutrition, 27: 316-322.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Babu, K.M., R.J. Church and W. Lewander, 2008. Energy drinks: The new eye-opener for adolescents. Clin. Pediatr. Emerg. Med., 9: 35-42.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Bell, L.N., C.R. Wetzel and A.N. Grand, 1996. Caffeine content in coffee as influenced by grinding and brewing techniques. Food Res. Int., 29: 785-789.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Bernstein, G.A., M.E. Carroll, P.D. Thuras, K.P. Cosgrove and M.E. Roth, 2002. Caffeine dependence in teenagers. Drug Alcohol Dependence, 66: 1-6.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Bode, A.M. and Z. Dong, 2007. The enigmatic effects of caffeine in cell cycle and cancer. Cancer Lett., 247: 26-39.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Chin, J.M., M.L. Merves, B.A. Goldberger, A. Sampson-Cone and E.J. Cone, 2008. Caffeine content of brewed teas. J. Anal. Toxicol., 32: 702-704.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Cloughley, J.B., 1983. Factors influencing the caffeine content of black tea: Part 2-the effect of production variables. Food Chem., 10: 25-34.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Corti, R., C. Binggeli, I. Sudano, L. Spieker and E. Hanseler et al., 2002. Coffee acutely increases sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure independently of caffeine content: Role of habitual versus nonhabitual drinking. Circulation, 106: 2935-2940.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • De Camargo, M.C.R. and M.C.F. Toledo, 1999. HPLC determination of caffeine in tea, chocolate products and carbonated beverages. J. Sci. Food Agric., 79: 1861-1864.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Frary, C.D., R.K. Johnson and M.Q. Wang, 2005. Food sources and intakes of caffeine in the diets of persons in the United States. J. Am. Dietetic Assoc., 105: 110-113.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Glade, M.J., 2010. Caffeine-not just a stimulant. Nutrition, 26: 932-938.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Graham, D.M., 1978. Caffeine-its identity, dietary sources, intake and biological effects. Nutr. Rev., 36: 97-102.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Hecimovic, I., A. Belscak-Cvitanovic, D. Horzic and D. Komes, 2011. Comparative study of polyphenols and caffeine in different coffee varieties affected by the degree of roasting. Food Chem., 129: 991-1000.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Hicks, M.B., Y.H.P. Hsieh and L.N. Bell, 1996. Tea preparation and its influence on methylxanthine concentration. Food Res. Int., 29: 325-330.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Higgins, J.P., T.D. Tuttle and C.L. Higgins, 2010. Energy beverages: Content and safety. Mayo Clin. Proc., 85: 1033-1041.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Lamina, S. and D.I. Musa, 2009. Ergogenic effect of varied doses of coffee-caffeine on maximal aerobic power of young African subjects. Afr. Health Sci., 9: 270-274.
    Direct Link    


  • Lara, D.R., 2010. Caffeine, mental health and psychiatric disorders. J. Alzheimer's Dis., 20: 239-248.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Mandel, H.G., 2002. Update on caffeine consumption, disposition and action. Food Chem. Toxicol., 40: 1231-1234.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Matissek, R., 1997. Evaluation of xanthine derivatives in chocolate-nutritional and chemical aspects. Zeitschrift Lebensmitteluntersuchung-Forschung A, 205: 175-184.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • McCusker, R.R., B.A. Goldberger and E.J. Cone, 2003. Caffeine content of specialty coffees. J. Anal. Toxicol., 27: 520-522.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Nehlig, A., 1999. Are we dependent upon coffee and caffeine? A review on human and animal data. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 23: 563-576.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Nehlig, A. and S. Boyet, 2000. Dose-response study of caffeine effects on cerebral functional activity with a specific focus on dependence. Brain Res., 858: 71-77.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Ramalakshmi, K. and B. Raghavan, 1999. Caffeine in coffee: Its removal. Why and how? Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 39: 441-456.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Reissig, C.J., E.C. Strain and R.R. Griffiths, 2009. Caffeinated energy drinks-a growing problem. Drug Alcohol Dependence, 99: 1-10.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Roehrs, T. and T. Roth, 2008. Caffeine: Sleep and daytime sleepiness. Sleep Med. Rev., 12: 153-162.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Smit, H.J. and P.J. Rogers, 2002. Effects of energy drinks on mood and mental performance: Critical methodology. Food Qual. Preference, 13: 317-326.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Smith, A., 2009. Effects of caffeine in chewing gum on mood and attention. Hum. Psychopharmacol.: Clin. Exp., 24: 239-247.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Srdjenovic, B., V. Djordjevic-Milic, N. Grujic, R. Injac and Z. Lepojevic, 2008. Simultaneous HPLC determination of caffeine, theobromine and theophylline in food, drinks and herbal products. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 46: 144-149.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Stavric, B., R. Klassen, B. Watkinson, K. Karpinski, R. Stapley and P. Fried, 1988. Variability in caffeine consumption from coffee and tea: Possible significance for epidemiological studies. Food Chem. Toxicol., 26: 111-118.
    CrossRef    Direct Link    


  • Temple, J.L., 2009. Caffeine use in children: What we know, what we have left to learn and why we should worry. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 33: 793-806.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Valek, M., B. Laslavic and Z. Laslavic, 2004. Daily caffeine intake among Osijek high school students: Questionnaire study. Croatian Med. J., 45: 72-75.
    Direct Link    


  • Wang, Z.Y., M.T. Huang, Y.R. Lou, J.G. Xie and K.R. Reuhl et al., 1994. Inhibitory effects of black tea, green tea, decaffeinated black tea and decaffeinated green tea on ultraviolet B light-induced skin carcinogenesis in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-initiated SKH-1 mice. Cancer Res., 54: 3428-3435.
    PubMed    Direct Link    


  • Young, L.R. and M. Nestle, 2002. The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic. Am. J. Public Health, 92: 246-249.
    CrossRef    PubMed    Direct Link    

  • © Science Alert. All Rights Reserved